“…Over the twenty years since the pioneering work of Nomura (1975), it has become clear that preconceptual exposure of paternal animals to chemical or physical agents can cause congenital malformations in the offspring. Recently, a number of animal studies as well as human epidemiological studies have demonstrated that exposure of males to various agents can result in developmental defects or phenotypic anomalies (Jenkinson et al, 1987;Jenkinson and Anderson, 1990; Kirk and Lyon, 1984;Nagao, 1987Nagao, , 1988Nagao, , 1994Nagao and Fujikawa, 1990;Trasler et al, 1985Trasler et al, , 1986.…”