Induction of C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P component, and kininogens in the submandibular and lacrimal glands of rats with experimentally induced inflammation

Objective: Literature data suggest that rodent salivary glands can exert a neuroimmunomodulatory influence on distant inflammatory events. The release of regulatory factors by salivary glands appears to be influenced by time-dependent factors. In this paper we examined this possibility directly by studying the role of submandibular salivary glands in the temporal profile of lypopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation in rats. Methods: The submandibular glands were removed (SMGx) or not (sham) and, 4 days later, the animals received an intravenous LPS injection (Salmonella abortus equi, 1 mg/kg). Cells in peripheral blood and in bronchoalveolar and bone marrow lavages were quantified after 90 min, 1, 3 and 5 days. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity and corticosterone concentrations in serum were also determined. Baseline values were determined in a group of naïve rats. Results: One day after the LPS injection, neutrophil counts in lungs and blood in both animal groups were elevated, but the SMGx rats presented a significantly lower response in comparison to the sham-operated controls. Five days after LPS treatment, however, SMGx rats had higher neutrophil counts in the lungs than did sham animals, but numbers of blood neutrophils were equal. Ninety minutes after LPS injection, a peak of serum TNF activity was detected in both groups compared with naïve levels. At this time point, TNF activity was about 135% higher in the serum of the SMGx group than in controls. Corticosterone levels of sham-operated controls rose only on the 5th day after LPS, whereas SMGx rats had significant peaks of corticosterone both on the 1st and the 5th day, but not on the 3rd day. Conclusion: Our data indicate that submandibular glands have a dual effect on inflammatory pulmonary response by differentially modulating the profile of lung neutrophil influx.

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“…3). These data are consistent with the view that TNF contributes to neutrophil migration via a SMG-dependent mechanism [31].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Role of Submandibular Salivary Glands in LPS-Induced Lung Inflammation in Rats

Araújo

Oliveira‐Filho

Trezena

et al. 2002

Neuroimmunomodulation

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“…Although it is still unknown whether TNFa affects the expression of rat salivary AQP5, a putative NFkB binding motif is at least present in the promoter region of the rat AQP5 gene. In addition, TNFa is induced in the rat SMG under experimentally induced inflammation [43]. The TNFaNFkB system may thus participate in regulating the expression of rat salivary AQP5.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Expression and localization of aquaporins, members of the water channel family, during development of the rat submandibular gland

Akamatsu

Parvin

Murdiastuti

et al. 2003

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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The expression and localization of aquaporins (AQP1-AQP5), members of the water channel family, in the developing rat submandibular gland were analysed using RT-PCR, Northern blotting and immunohistochemistry to explore their relation to the development of this salivary gland. RT-PCR analysis revealed unique expression patterns of each AQP. AQP1 was expressed constitutively during prenatal development, whereas the expression of AQP5 became more intense in the course of development from embryonic day 16.5 (E16) to E20. These expression patterns concurred with the results of Northern blot analysis. AQP3 and AQP4 mRNAs in the prenatal development were not detected in Northern blots, although they were detected by RT-PCR. During postnatal development, AQP5 and AQP1 mRNAs were expressed continuously, but no message for AQP3 or AQP4 was detected. AQP2 mRNA was not detected during either prenatal or postnatal development in this tissue. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that AQP5 was first localized at the apical membrane of proacinar cells at E18, and then became clearly distributed at the apical membrane of acinar cells in accordance with the differentiation and establishment of the mature acini. In addition, some vasculature also showed immunoreactivity for AQP5. AQP1 was immunolocalized in the blood vessels, including capillaries, of the gland throughout development. These observations suggest the existence of transcriptional regulation of rat AQP5, which is one of the most probable regulators of saliva production and secretion, during the establishment of the functional submandibular salivary gland.

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“…However, as for some of the cytokines found in oral fluids, the question of local production of CRP in the oral cavity must be considered. Indeed, although CRP is primarily synthesized in the liver, two studies showed increased CRP mRNA expression in the submandibular glands of rats with inflammation, which was preceded by a transient increase in the level of mRNAs for the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α (Wei et al, 2001; Yao et al, 2005). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing salivary C-reactive protein: Longitudinal associations with systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk in women exposed to intimate partner violence

Out

Hall

Page

et al. 2012

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

116

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This study evaluated individual differences in levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) measured in saliva, cross-sectionally and prospectively, in relation to systemic inflammation and risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Plasma and saliva samples, later assayed for CRP, were collected multiple times from an ethnically diverse group of women seeking help from domestic violence crisis shelters-agencies (N = 107; mean age at study start = 34 years). Plasma and saliva CRP levels were moderately associated cross-sectionally and across two years. There were indications that saliva CRP levels were, on average, higher in the morning than evening. Higher levels of saliva and plasma CRP were associated with a higher body mass index, but did not differ between women who did and did not smoke. Salivary CRP reliably discriminated between high and low levels of plasma CRP, using a clinically relevant cutoff point of 3 mg/L, recommended by the American Heart Association. Results build upon an emerging literature suggesting that under specific conditions levels of CRP in saliva may reflect low-grade inflammation and have the potential to serve as a screen for CVD risk status.

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Induction of C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P component, and kininogens in the submandibular and lacrimal glands of rats with experimentally induced inflammation

Cited by 21 publications

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Role of Submandibular Salivary Glands in LPS-Induced Lung Inflammation in Rats

Role of Submandibular Salivary Glands in LPS-Induced Lung Inflammation in Rats

Expression and localization of aquaporins, members of the water channel family, during development of the rat submandibular gland

Assessing salivary C-reactive protein: Longitudinal associations with systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk in women exposed to intimate partner violence

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