Induction of Avian β-Defensin 2 Is Possibly Mediated by the p38 MAPK Signal Pathway in Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts After Newcastle Disease Virus Infection

Abstract

The study was conducted to evaluate whether avian β-defensins (AvBDs) could be induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection, and to investigate the potential signaling pathway of AvBD2 induction in response to NDV infection as well. First, mRNA expression of AvBDs (1–14) was evaluated in the chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) infected with NDV strain F48E9 at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi), respectively. The results demonstrated a significant induction of AvBD2 in CEFs elicited by the NDV strain. Then, we expressed and purified the AvBD2 proteins in both eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Of the two recombinant AvBD2 proteins, only the protein expressed in eukaryotic cells showed directly antiviral activity against NDV strain F48E9 in vitro. Ligands of toll-like receptors (TLRs) were chosen as alternatives to NDV to further study signaling pathway of AvBD2 induction here, due to insufficient upregulation of AvBD2 expression elicited by NDV. We found that the mRNA expression of AvBD2 was highly upregulated by Pam3CSK4, FLA-ST, and ODN-M362. Then, four inhibitors of signaling pathway, including inhibitors of JNK, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB, were used in this study. Of the four inhibitors, only inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway significantly reduced AvBD2 expression after stimulation with Pam3CSK4, FLA-ST and ODN-M362, respectively. Taken together, these results revealed that AvBD2 play a pivotal role in host innate immunity response to NDV infection. The mRNA expression of AvBD2 might be regulated in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner.

Chicken avian β-defensin 8 modulates immune response via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in a chicken macrophage cell line

“…In addition, AvBD12 induced migration of murine immature dendritic cells. Futhermore, mRNA expression of AvBD2 was upregulated with Newcastle disease virus infection in chicken embryo fibroblasts through p38 MAPK-dependent manner ( Liu et al., 2018 ). Yang et al.…”

Chicken avian β-defensin 8 modulates immune response via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in a chicken macrophage cell line

“…Also, AvBD12 induced migration of murine immature dendritic cells. Also, mRNA expression of AvBD2 was upregulated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in chicken embryo fibroblasts through p38 MAPK-dependent manner [43]. Yang et al [16] demonstrated that human β-defensin-2 induced chemoattraction of CD4+ memory T cells and immature dendritic cells, by binding to CCR6.…”

The Antihistamine Drugs Carbinoxamine Maleate and Chlorpheniramine Maleate Exhibit Potent Antiviral Activity Against a Broad Spectrum of Influenza Viruses

“…The inhibitory activity of a test compound against influenza virus infection-induced death of MDCK cells was measured by CPE reduction assay using CCK-8 as previously described ( Choi et al, 2016 ; Wang et al, 2017 ; Jin et al, 2018 ; Liu et al, 2018 ). PBS containing no inhibitor and the anti-influenza virus agent, Favipiravir (T-705), were included as the negative and positive controls, respectively.…”