Induction of amylase and protease as antibiofilm agents by starch, casein, and yeast extract in Arthrobacter sp. CW01

Abstract

Background In unfavourable environment, such as nutrient limitation, some bacteria encased themselves into a three dimensional polymer matrix called biofilm. The majority of microbial infections in human are biofilm related, including chronic lung, wound, and ear infections. The matrix of biofilm which consists of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) causes bacterial colonization on medical implanted device in patients, such as catheter and lead to patient’s death. Biofilm infections are harder to treat due to increasing antibiotic resistance compared to planktonic microbial cells and escalating the antibiotic concentration may result into in vivo toxicity for the patients. Special compounds which are non-microbicidal that could inhibit or destroy biofilm formation are called antibiofilm compounds, for example enzymes, anti-quorum sensing, and anti-adhesins. Arthrobacter sp. CW01 produced antibiofilm compound known as amylase. This time our preliminary study proved that the antibiofilm compound was not only amylase, but also protease. Therefore, this research aimed to optimize the production of antibiofilm agents using amylase and protease inducing media. The five types of production media used in this research were brain heart infusion (BHI) (Oxoid), BHI with starch (BHIS), casein with starch (CS), yeast extract with starch (YS), and casein-yeast extract with starch (CYS). Biofilm eradication and inhibition activities were assayed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27,853) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25,923). Results The results showed that different production media influenced the antibiofilm activity. Addition of starch, casein and yeast extract increased the production of amylase and protease significantly. Higher amylase activity would gradually increase the antibiofilm activity until it reached the certain optimum point. It was shown that crude extracts which contained amylase only (BHI, BHIS and YS) had the optimum eradication activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilm around 60–70 %. Meanwhile, CS and CYS crude extracts which contained both amylase and protease increased the biofilm eradication activity against both pathogens, which were around 70–90 %. Conclusions It was concluded that the combination of amylase and protease was more effective as antibiofilm agents against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus rather than amylase only.

Involvement of Versatile Bacteria Belonging to the Genus Arthrobacter in Milk and Dairy Products

“…According to genome sequencing studies, certain strains of bacteria in the genus Arthrobacter exhibit the genes encoding proteolytic, lipolytic, and glycolytic pathways [ 115 , 116 , 117 ]. These revelations confirm the results of several studies related to such enzyme-producing Arthrobacter bacteria [ 118 , 119 ]. Proteolysis, lipolysis, and glycolysis are normally considered the important elements of biochemical change in milk during fermentation leading to the nutritional value of final products.…”

Discovery of Novel Resistance Mechanisms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Biofilm against Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

“…The EPSs thus shield bacteria present in the biofilm from antibiotics, while planktonic cells do not receive this protection [ 33 ]. Extracellular proteins [ 34 ] and eDNA [ 35 ] play critical roles in biofilm formation, and eDNA is an anionic macromolecule that can chelate cations [ 36 ]. Therefore, DNase I and proteinase K were used to reduce these matrix components of the V. parahaemolyticus biofilm and the antibiotic resistance of cells was measured in this depleted environment.…”

AMYLOLYTIC POTENTIAL OF Arthrobacter sp. AND Bacillus aerius FROM WASTE DUMP-SITES OF TWO BAKERIES LOCATED WITHIN KADUNA METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

“…However, lowtemperature active amylase from Arthrobacter sp. is useful in detergent formulation, and Solihin et al (2021) reported a strain that produces synergistic antibiofilm efficiency with proteases. In their study, Han et al (2021) revealed that the genus Arthrobacter consists of bacteria commonly found in cold environments.…”