Induction and Synchronization of Estrus

Pal, Prasanna; Dar, Mohammad Rayees

doi:10.5772/intechopen.90769

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A blood‐tinted mucous discharge from the vulva of cows and heifers can be detected from 1 to 3 days after standing heat. This indicates met‐oestrous bleeding that the ovulation has occurred and may take 18 to 20 days for the subsequent oestrus (Pal & Dar, 2020). Cows show less sexual activity in the first two postpartum ovulations, so oestrus is usually detected in the second or third cycle after parturition (Britt et al., 1986) (Figure 2).…”

Section: Oestrous Behaviour In Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

Early prediction of oestrus for herd fertility management in cattle and buffaloes – a review

Rajput,

Mishra,

Rajawat

et al. 2024

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Oestrus is defined as a period when a female animal exhibits characteristic sexual behaviour in the presence of a mature male. Oestrous manifestation in dairy animals is due to the oestrogen (E2) effect on the central nervous system (CNS). It is a critical issue to be considered on a priority basis. Inefficient oestrous detection reduces the fertility status of the herd. The primary and most reliable indicator of oestrus is standing to be mounted by a bull or another female herd mate, signalling receptivity and the pre‐ovulatory state in dairy cattle. Oestrous detection is primarily a management challenge requiring skill and vigilance. To improve the efficiency of oestrous detection in dairy cattle, visual observation is one of the best methods if done three times a day; however, heat detection aids, if combined, give better results. However, techniques like using teaser bulls, tail painting, chin ball markers, ultrasound (USG) examination, hormonal analysis and examination of cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) improve oestrous detection efficiency. Moreover, the changes in production systems have reduced the expression of oestrous behaviour among cows, due to higher oestrogen (E2) metabolism. Therefore, automated systems, such as pedometers, accelerometers and acoustic sensors like infrared thermography (IRT) and image processing, have significantly enhanced reproductive performance by facilitating oestrous detection and optimizing insemination schedules. From this review, we would conclude that oestrous detection alone contributes considerably to the reproductive status of the herd; therefore, applying different methods of oestrous detection reduces the incidence of missed oestrus and improves the fertility status of the herd.

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Section: Oestrous Behaviour In Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

Early prediction of oestrus for herd fertility management in cattle and buffaloes – a review

Rajput,

Mishra,

Rajawat

et al. 2024

Reprod Domestic Animals

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“…When estrous detection on the farm is good, PGF 2α treatment and AI at the observed estrus are recommended [155], while when estrous detection is poor, TAI protocols may be recommended. Recently published reviews [156][157][158][159][160][161] and meta-analyses [162][163][164] may contribute to selecting from an economic and management point of view the most suitable and most effective TAI protocol(s) for our dairy farm.…”

Section: Determining the Optimal Time For Artificial Inseminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of Monitoring the Peripartal Period to Increase Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle

et al. 2022

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Parallel with the successful genetic selection for higher milk production in Holstein-Friesian cows, a dramatic decline in fertility rates has been observed around the world. Therefore, to achieve an optimum herd reproductive performance, we must focus on the first 100 days postpartum. During and after calving, a cow overcomes a series of physiological hurdles before becoming pregnant. By selecting accurate diagnostic devices and/or methods, such as predicting the onset of calving, monitoring activity and rumination time to determine cows for early treatment of clinical metritis and/or metabolic diseases, long-term measurement of reticuloruminal pH to monitor subclinical acidosis, perform metabolic profile tests to diagnose subclinical metabolic diseases at the herd level, estrous detectors and/or detection aids, on-farm/in-line P4 test to monitor specific events in the postpartum periods, diagnosis of early pregnancy and pregnancy loss using ultrasonography to correctly identify problems and their potential causes to enable these issues are to be rectified. Despite higher milk production, acceptable fertility results can be achieved, even on large-scale dairy farms, if the impacts of the above factors that contribute to reduced fertility can be moderated. The advantages and disadvantages of the different diagnostic methods are discussed to help the dairy select the most accurate method.

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“…The most common and notable uses of estrogen are in birth control pills or contraceptives and in hormone replacement therapy in humans. Estrogen is also used as a tool in estrous synchronization in animals (Pal and Dar, 2020). In humans, women between the ages of 25 to 50 who are estrogen deficient are generally prescribed a high dose of estrogen.…”

Section: Estrogen In Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine, Reproductive, Neurophysiologic and Extraneous Activities of Estrogen in Vertebrates

Nwankudu¹

2021

Nig. Vet. J.

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Estrogens are reproductive hormones synthesized in the gonads of both male and female vertebrates. This review is geared towards uncovering some endocrine, reproductive, neurophysiologic and extraneous activities of estrogen in vertebrates. The three most common naturally occurring estrogens are: Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). In primates, estradiol is the most potent and predominant estrogen during reproductive years. Estrogens are synthesized primarily in the female ovaries and in small quantities in the male testes and the adrenal glands, brain, and fat of both sexes. Estrogens are steroid hormones. The adipose tissues are considered to be the major source of circulating estrogen after the gonads in both men and women. In essence, the presence of aromatase expression in a local tissue confirms extra-gonadal estrogen synthesis. In reproduction, estrogen promote secondary sexual characteristics in females and regulates maturation of sperm (spermiogenesis) in males. Neurophysiologically, estrogen promote glutamate activity in the central nervous system, facilitates dopaminergic neurotransmission but blocks gammaaminobutyric acid. Extraneously, estrogen decrease serum cholesterol and osteoporosis especially in menopausal females. However, acute estrogen droppostpartum leads to depressed mood experienced by most post parturient females. In this review, it is observed that, while serum estrogen decreases with age in females, in male it increases with age due to the extraneous synthesis of estrogen especially in the adipose tissue. Keywords: Estrogen, Female, Aromatase, Male, adipose tissue

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Induction and Synchronization of Estrus

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Early prediction of oestrus for herd fertility management in cattle and buffaloes – a review

Early prediction of oestrus for herd fertility management in cattle and buffaloes – a review

Importance of Monitoring the Peripartal Period to Increase Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle

Endocrine, Reproductive, Neurophysiologic and Extraneous Activities of Estrogen in Vertebrates

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