Induction and Expression of Mucosal Immune Responses and Inflammation to Parasitic Infections

Befus, Dean; Bienenstock, John

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4571-8_3

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Birds under four weeks of age likely have a stronger immune response and more severe damage than mature birds, with greater concentrations of M. gallisepticum in the trachea, which may be related to the maturity of the immune system [ 104 ], especially BALT, whose structure, morphology, and ability to perform defense functions in birds are largely age-dependent. Mature BALT is covered with a layer of fragile epithelium called follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), which harbors numerous lymphocytes [ 105 , 106 ]. These tertiary lymphoid tissues play a major role in the tracheal mucosal immune response.…”

Section: The Adaptive Immune Response To M Gallisepticummentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Evasion of Mycoplasma gallisepticum: An Overview

Liu,

Wang,

Zheng

2024

IJMS

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Mycoplasma gallisepticum is one of the smallest self-replicating organisms. It causes chronic respiratory disease, leading to significant economic losses in poultry industry. Following M. gallisepticum invasion, the pathogen can persist in the host owing to its immune evasion, resulting in long-term chronic infection. The strategies of immune evasion by mycoplasmas are very complex and recent research has unraveled these sophisticated mechanisms. The antigens of M. gallisepticum exhibit high-frequency changes in size and expression cycle, allowing them to evade the activation of the host humoral immune response. M. gallisepticum can invade non-phagocytic chicken cells and also regulate microRNAs to modulate cell proliferation, inflammation, and apoptosis in tracheal epithelial cells during the disease process. M. gallisepticum has been shown to transiently activate the inflammatory response and then inhibit it by suppressing key inflammatory mediators, avoiding being cleared. The regulation and activation of immune cells are important for host response against mycoplasma infection. However, M. gallisepticum has been shown to interfere with the functions of macrophages and lymphocytes, compromising their defense capabilities. In addition, the pathogen can cause immunological damage to organs by inducing an inflammatory response, cell apoptosis, and oxidative stress, leading to immunosuppression in the host. This review comprehensively summarizes these evasion tactics employed by M. gallisepticum, providing valuable insights into better prevention and control of mycoplasma infection.

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Section: The Adaptive Immune Response To M Gallisepticummentioning

confidence: 99%