Inducible Malondialdehyde Pools in Zones of Cell Proliferation and Developing Tissues in Arabidopsis

Schmid‐Siegert, Emanuel; Loscos, Jorge; Farmer, Edward E.

doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.322842

Cited by 33 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Most MDA in healthy leaf tissue originates from the fragmentation of chloroplast PUFAs (19,25) and this is likely to involve 1 O 2 -induced fatty acid chain fragmentation (19,25), a process that is light-dependent (11). Consistent with this, we found that leaves that had been wounded in the light produced more MDA than those wounded in the dark and we observed that MDA increases after wounding were transient.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…These analyses highlight the fact that MDA is a relatively abundant molecule in leaves where its level is maintained in the nmol per gram dry weight range (16,25). Such levels are typical of many primary metabolites in plant tissues e.g.…”

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confidence: 80%

“…Plants were incubated in light (100 E m Ϫ2 s Ϫ1 ) or the dark for 45 min and wounded at different time points prior to harvest into liquid nitrogen. MDA extraction was performed as described (25).…”

Section: Plant Genotypes and Growth Conditions-wild-type (Wt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The principal subcellular source of MDA in the leaves of A. thaliana is chloroplasts (organelles rich in 18:3 and 16:3 fatty acids), and the levels of MDA in wild-type chloroplasts were more than 2-fold higher than those in chloroplasts isolated from mutants lacking ␣-linolenic acid (25). These analyses highlight the fact that MDA is a relatively abundant molecule in leaves where its level is maintained in the nmol per gram dry weight range (16,25).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Membranes as Structural Antioxidants

Schmid‐Siegert

Stepushenko

Glauser

et al. 2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Genetic evidence suggests that membranes rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) act as supramolecular antioxidants that capture reactive oxygen species, thereby limiting damage to proteins. This process generates lipid fragmentation products including malondialdehyde (MDA), an archetypal marker of PUFA oxidation. We observed transient increases in levels of endogenous MDA in wounded Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, raising the possibility that MDA is metabolized. We developed a rigorous ion exchange method to purify enzymatically gener- The susceptibility of fatty acids to oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) 3 increases with desaturation (1, 2), so that membranes rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are potentially vulnerable to oxidative damage. It is therefore remarkable that intra-organellar membranes in mitochondria and chloroplasts, organelles with highly oxidative metabolism, typically contain high percentages of PUFAs (3, 4). Both organelle types are active sites of ROS production (5, 6). For example, thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts are prone to photo-oxidative damage by singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) that is produced through the interaction of excited (triplet-state) chlorophyll with oxygen (6 -8). Moreover, the major site of 1 O 2 generation in chloroplasts, photosystem II (PSII), is surrounded by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich lipids (9) and, strikingly, twothirds of the FAs in thylakoids are triunsaturated fatty acids (TFAs), chiefly ␣-linolenic acid (10). These fatty acids are highly prone to oxidative fragmentation in vivo (11).Cells counter the threat posed by 1 O 2 and other ROS with multiple protection mechanisms known to involve low molecular mass antioxidants. Among the best characterized of these cellular protectants are tocopherols (reviewed in Ref. 12). Indeed, mutants that lack tocopherol and plastochromanol are less protected against 1 O 2 and show elevated levels of nonenzymatic lipid oxidation (nLPO; 13, 14). Additionally, carotenoids both physically and chemically quench 1 O 2 (15). We proposed recently that a further layer of protection may also exist, one that uses PUFA-rich membranes as structural antioxidants. This hypothesis emerged from the fact that, even when grown under mild and relatively low light conditions, plants that lack TFAs displayed hallmark features of oxidative stress (16). TFAs act to protect proteins by absorbing ROS such as 1 O 2 and hydroxyl radicals produced under both healthy and stressful conditions (7,11,16).The development of the supramolecular antioxidant hypothesis has been facilitated by the rigorous quantitative analysis of a PUFA fragmentation product, the 3-carbon dialdehyde malondialdehyde (MDA) that is generally considered to be harmful to the cells of humans (17, 18) and plants (19 -21). MDA may also have activities in redox signaling (reviewed in Ref. 11). This compound, one of a plethora of PUFA oxidation products, is a robust marker of nonenzymatic lipid oxidation in animals (1) and in plants (e.g. 22). Furthermore, protocol...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Plant Genotypes and Growth Conditions-wild-type (Wt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Membranes as Structural Antioxidants

Schmid‐Siegert

Stepushenko

Glauser

et al. 2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…2; Table I). Previous studies have reported that MDA is primarily derived from triunsaturated fatty acids in chloroplasts (Yamauchi et al, 2008;Schmid-Siegert et al, 2012). MDA can be used as an oxidative stress marker when plants are exposed to unfavorable conditions (Esterbauer et al, 1991) but is also present in healthy plants (Weber et al, 2004;Mène-Saffrané et al, 2007.…”

Section: Suppression Of Isoprene Biosynthesis Decreases the Chloroplamentioning

confidence: 99%

Knocking Down of Isoprene Emission Modifies the Lipid Matrix of Thylakoid Membranes and Influences the Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Poplar

et al. 2015

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Isoprene is a small lipophilic molecule with important functions in plant protection against abiotic stresses. Here, we studied the lipid composition of thylakoid membranes and chloroplast ultrastructure in isoprene-emitting (IE) and nonisoprene-emitting (NE) poplar (Populus 3 canescens). We demonstrated that the total amount of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, digalactosyldiacylglycerols, phospholipids, and fatty acids is reduced in chloroplasts when isoprene biosynthesis is blocked. A significantly lower amount of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linolenic acid in NE chloroplasts, was associated with the reduced fluidity of thylakoid membranes, which in turn negatively affects photosystem II photochemical efficiency. The low photosystem II photochemical efficiency in NE plants was negatively correlated with nonphotochemical quenching and the energy-dependent component of nonphotochemical quenching. Transmission electron microscopy revealed alterations in the chloroplast ultrastructure in NE compared with IE plants. NE chloroplasts were more rounded and contained fewer grana stacks and longer stroma thylakoids, more plastoglobules, and larger associative zones between chloroplasts and mitochondria. These results strongly support the idea that in IE species, the function of this molecule is closely associated with the structural organization and functioning of plastidic membranes.

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Review of Lipid Biomarkers and Signals of Photooxidative Stress in Plants

Havaux

2023

Methods in Molecular Biology

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Inducible Malondialdehyde Pools in Zones of Cell Proliferation and Developing Tissues in Arabidopsis

Cited by 33 publications

References 36 publications

Membranes as Structural Antioxidants

Membranes as Structural Antioxidants

Knocking Down of Isoprene Emission Modifies the Lipid Matrix of Thylakoid Membranes and Influences the Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Poplar

Review of Lipid Biomarkers and Signals of Photooxidative Stress in Plants

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