Induced triploidy in the soft-shelled clam Mya arenaria: energetic implications

Mason, Katharina; Shumway, Sandra E.; AllenJr., S. K.; Hidu, Herbert

doi:10.1007/bf00391543

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Such results have been thought to be due to increased heterozygosity in polyploid individuals, suggesting that triploidy could confer an advantage per se on growth and survival through the increase of intra-individual allelic diversity and the optimisation of energy balance (Hawkins et al, 2000). Other studies found conflicting results, with very few differences in energy budget detected between diploid and triploid Sydney rock oysters (Kesarcodi-Watson et al, 2001a,b) or clams (Mason et al, 1988). These authors explained the observed difference in growth rates as the result of re-allocation from reproduction.…”

Section: Evidence For Winter Depression In Triploid Oystersmentioning

confidence: 89%

Responses of diploid and triploid Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas to Vibrio infection in relation to their reproductive status

Decker

Normand

Saulnier

et al. 2011

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Several Vibrio species are known to be pathogenic to the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Survival varies according to pathogen exposure and high mortality events usually occur in summer during gametogenesis. In order to study the effects of gametogenetic status and ploidy (a factor known to affect reproduction allocation in oysters) on vibriosis survival, we conducted two successive experiments. Our results demonstrate that a common bath challenge with pathogenic Vibrio splendidus and Vibrio aestuarianus on a mixture of mature, spawning and non-mature oysters can lead to significant mortality. Previous bath challenges, which were done using only non-mature oysters, had not produced mortality. Immunohistochemical analyses showed the affinity of Vibrio for gonadic tissues, highlighting the importance of sexual maturity for vibriosis infection processes in oysters. Mortality rate results showed poor repeatability between tanks, however, in this bath challenge. We then tested a standardized and repeatable injection protocol using two different doses of the same combination of two Vibrio species on related diploid and triploid oysters at four different times over a year. Statistical analyses of mortality kinetics over a 6-day period after injection revealed that active gametogenesis periods correspond to higher susceptibility to vibriosis and that there is a significant interaction of this seasonal effect with ploidy. However, no significant advantage of triploidy was observed. Triploid oysters even showed lower survival than diploid counterparts in winter. Results are discussed in relation to differing energy allocation patterns between diploid and triploid Pacific oysters.

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Section: Evidence For Winter Depression In Triploid Oystersmentioning

confidence: 89%

Responses of diploid and triploid Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas to Vibrio infection in relation to their reproductive status

Decker

Normand

Saulnier

et al. 2011

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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“…Contrasting results on this topic have been published. Triploids had smaller (Guo and Allan 1994b;Guo et al 1996), similar (Laing and Utting 1994;Kesarcodi-Watson et al 2001) or larger (Mason et al 1988) metabolic costs. These observations thus did not provide any useful information about differences in metabolic costs.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Physiological costs of reproduction in the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata

Honkoop

2003

Oecologia

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In this study, triploid Sydney rock oysters Saccostrea glomerata, which do not reproduce and have only limited gonadal development, were used to calculate the cost of producing and maintaining somatic tissues. The consumption of oxygen was measured and converted to units of energy expended. The consumption of oxygen of diploid oysters, in different stages of the reproductive cycle, was also measured. Knowing the costs of producing and maintaining somatic tissues (obtained from the triploid oysters), it was possible to calculate the energy demand of somatic and reproductive tissues of diploid oysters. The focus of this study was to test whether this method would work, to investigate if this method would give results in accordance with modern life-history theory and to test hypotheses about costs of reproduction in oysters. It was found that in diploid oysters, 27% of the consumed oxygen was needed for reproductive processes. It was also found that the costs of production and maintenance of reproductive tissues were on average 84% of those of somatic tissues. Costs for the production and maintenance of somatic tissues decreased over time. Costs for reproduction also decreased, but were dependent on the stage of gonadal development. If the relative mass of gametes in the gonads was large, the costs were relatively small; if the mass was relatively small, the costs were large. Differences between traits of males and females were never significant, suggesting that reproductive effort and costs were similar in males and females. It was estimated that if diploid oysters did not reproduce, they could gain 64% more somatic ash-free dry mass. Thus, in terms of growth, reproduction is an expensive activity.

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“…These observations are consistent with the finding that only moderate chiasma interference occurred in these same oysters . Therefore, associated recombination was not high enough to compromise the expectation that among meiosis I triploids, addition of heterozygosity from the female chromosome set with that from the haploid male chromosome set will have enhanced allelic variation above that both in diploids and in meiosis II triploids (Allen et al, 1982 ;Stanley et al, 1984 ;Mason et al, 1988). The above findings do not contradict evidence that faster triploid growth may also result from larger cell size or reduced reproductive output (see Section 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Separate effects of triploidy, parentage and genomic diversity upon feeding behaviour, metabolic efficiency and net energy balance in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Hawkins

Magoulas²,

Héral

et al. 2000

Genet. Res.

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Triploid oysters were induced using cytochalasin B upon retention of either the first (meiosis I triploids) or the second (meiosis II triploids) polar body in embryos from a single cohort derived from mixed parentage. Allozyme and microsatellite assays enabled the confirmation of both parentage and triploidy status in each oyster. Comparison of meiosis I triploids, meiosis II triploids and diploid siblings established that improved physiological performance in triploids was associated with increased allelic variation, rather than with the quantitative dosage effects of ploidy status. An unidentified maternal influence also interacted with genotype. Among full sibs, allelic variation measured as multi-locus enzyme heterozygosity accounted for up to 42% of the variance in physiological performance; significant positive influences were identified upon feeding rate, absorption efficiency, net energy balance and growth efficiency (= net energy balance divided by energy absorbed). Whilst allelic variation was greater in both meiosis I and meiosis II triploids than in diploid siblings, both allelic variation and net energy balance were highest in triploids induced at meiosis I. This suggests that it may be preferable to induce triploidy by blocking meiosis I, rather than meiosis II as has traditionally been undertaken during commercial breeding programmes.

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Induced triploidy in the soft-shelled clam Mya arenaria: energetic implications

Cited by 25 publications

References 41 publications

Responses of diploid and triploid Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas to Vibrio infection in relation to their reproductive status

Responses of diploid and triploid Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas to Vibrio infection in relation to their reproductive status

Physiological costs of reproduction in the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata

Separate effects of triploidy, parentage and genomic diversity upon feeding behaviour, metabolic efficiency and net energy balance in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

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