Induced Resistance Responses in Maize

Morris, Shericca; Vernooij, Bernard; Titatarn, Somkiat; Starrett, Mark; Thomas, Steve; Wiltse, Curtis C.; Frederiksen, R. A.; Bhandhufalck, A.; Hulbert, Scot H.; Uknes, Scott

doi:10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.7.643

Cited by 212 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The induction of the defense responses described is not linked to strong PR-1 gene expression. This is consistent with the observation that the coordinately regulated maize PR-1 and PR-5 genes are more rapidly and strongly induced in incompatible than in compatible interactions with the rust fungus Puccinia sorghi (Morris et al, 1998). The finding that U. maydis Dmrb1 mutants triggered pronounced PR-1 expression despite low fungal colonization relative to wild-type infection leads to the assumption that U. maydis escapes induction of a classical host defense due to its proliferation capacity.…”

Section: Umi Genes Related To Secondary Metabolism and Defensesupporting

confidence: 89%

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Dissecting Defense-Related and Developmental Transcriptional Responses of Maize during Ustilago maydis Infection and Subsequent Tumor Formation

Basse

2005

Plant Physiology

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Infection of maize (Zea mays) plants with the smut fungus Ustilago maydis triggers the formation of tumors on aerial parts in which the fungal life cycle is completed. A differential display screen was performed to gain insight into transcriptional changes of the host response. Some of the genes strongly up-regulated in tumors showed a pronounced developmental expression pattern with decreasing transcript levels from basal to apical shoot segments, suggesting that U. maydis has the capacity to extend the undifferentiated state of maize plants. Differentially expressed genes implicated in secondary metabolism were Bx1, involved in biosynthesis of the cyclic hydroxamic acid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, and a novel putative sesquiterpene cyclase gene U. maydis induced (Umi)2. Together with the up-regulation of Umi11 encoding a cyclotide-like protein this suggests a nonconventional induction of plant defenses. Explicitly, U. maydis was resistant to 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one but susceptible to its benzoxazolinone derivative 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone. Infection studies of isolated leaves with U. maydis and Colletotrichum graminicola provided evidence for coregulation of Umi2 and PR-1 gene expression, with mRNA levels strongly determined by the extent of fungal colonization within tissue. However, in contrast to Umi2, transcript levels of PR-1 remained low in plants infected with wild-type U. maydis but were 8-fold elevated upon infection with an U. maydis mutant strongly attenuated in pathogenic development. This suggests that U. maydis colonization in planta suppresses a classical defense response. Furthermore, comparative expression analysis uncovered distinct transcriptional programs operating in the host in response to fungal infection and subsequent tumor formation.

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Section: Umi Genes Related To Secondary Metabolism and Defensesupporting

confidence: 89%

“…This gene is strongly expressed during a resistance response in incompatible interactions, while in successful infections expression is weak and attenuated (Morris et al, 1998). PR-1 gene expression was examined in the tissue probes T1 to T10 (Fig.…”

Section: Comparison Of Umi2 With Pr-1 Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissecting Defense-Related and Developmental Transcriptional Responses of Maize during Ustilago maydis Infection and Subsequent Tumor Formation

Basse

2005

Plant Physiology

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“…In maize, the induction of four genes, PR1, PR5, PRms, and Wip1, has been associated with the HR defense response (Casacuberta et al 1992;Rohrmeier and Lehle 1993;Morris et al 1998;Simmons et al 2002). We examined their expression in relation to developing Rp1-D21 lesions by RT-PCR.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, Figures 2 and 3 show that the Rp1-D21 phenotype is associated with the production of superoxide and H 2 O 2 , together with the induction of the genes PR1, PR5, PRms, and WIP1, all hallmarks of a bona fide HR. It should be noted that these genes can also be induced by a defense response not including HR and by various other stresses including wounding (Casacuberta et al 1991(Casacuberta et al , 1992Rohrmeier and Lehle 1993;Morris et al 1998;Dunkle and Levy 2000). Even so, the preponderance of evidence suggests that Rp1-D21 triggers an exaggerated form of the normal maize hypersensitive response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a Maize Locus That Modulates the Hypersensitive Defense Response, Using Mutant-Assisted Gene Identification and Characterization

et al. 2010

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Potentially useful naturally occurring genetic variation is often difficult to identify as the effects of individual genes are subtle and difficult to observe. In this study, a novel genetic technique called MutantAssisted Gene Identification and Characterization is used to identify naturally occurring loci modulating the hypersensitive defense response (HR) in maize. Mutant-Assisted Gene Identification and Characterization facilitates the identification of naturally occurring alleles underlying phenotypic variation from diverse germplasm, using a mutant phenotype as a ''reporter.'' In this study the reporter phenotype was caused by a partially dominant autoactive disease resistance gene, Rp1-D21, which caused HR lesions to form spontaneously all over the plant. Here it is demonstrated that the Rp1-D21 phenotype is profoundly affected by genetic background. By crossing the Rp1-D21 gene into the IBM mapping population, it was possible to map and identify Hrml1 on chromosome 10, a locus responsible for modulating the HR phenotype conferred by Rp1-D21. Other loci with smaller effects were identified on chromosomes 1 and 9. These results demonstrate that Mutant-Assisted Gene Identification and Characterization is a viable approach for identifying naturally occurring useful genetic variation.

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“…A study by Lozovaya et al (1998) reported that the presence of A. flavus caused an increase in b-1,3-glucanase activity in callus tissues of a resistant genotype, but not in a susceptible one. A more rapid and stronger induction of the pathogenesis-related (pr1 and pr5) genes in maize leaves has also been observed in a resistant reaction when compared to a susceptible reaction upon pathogen infection (Morris et al, 1998). In another investigation, a 14 kDa trypsin inhibitor (TI) protein was found constitutively produced at high levels in resistant lines but at low levels or was missing in susceptible ones (Chen et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Identifying Aflatoxin Resistance-related Proteins/Genes through Proteomics and RNAi Gene Silencing1

Chen¹,

Brown²,

Guo³

et al. 2009

Peanut Science

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Aflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus Link ex. Fries, and A. prarasiticus Speare during infection of susceptible crops, such as maize, cottonseed, peanuts and tree nuts. This paper will review research efforts in identifying aflatoxin resistance-related proteins/genes in maize. Similar strategies may be useful in peanut. For maize, although genotypes resistant to A. flavus infection or aflatoxin production have been identified, the incorporation of resistance into commercial lines has been slow due to the lack of selectable markers and poor understanding of host resistance mechanisms. Recently, resistance-associated proteins (RAPs) were identified through proteomic comparison of constitutive protein profiles between resistant and susceptible maize genotypes. These proteins belong to three major groups based on their peptide sequence homologies: storage proteins, stress-related proteins, and antifungal proteins. Preliminary characterization of some of these RAPs suggest that they play a direct role in host resistance, such as pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), or an indirect role, such as glyoxalase I (GLX I), through enhancing the host stress tolerance. To verify whether these RAPs play a role in host resistance, RNA interference (RNAi) gene silencing technique was used to silence the expression of these genes in maize. RNAi vectors (glx I RNAi and pr10 RNAi) were constructed using Gateway technology, and then transformed into immature maize embryos using both bombardment and Agrobacterium infection. The extent of gene silencing in transgenic callus tissues ranged from 20% to over 99%. The RNAi silenced transgenic maize seeds have also been obtained from plants regenerated from Agrobacterium transformed callus lines. Kernel screen assay of the transgenic maize kernels demonstrated a significant increase in susceptibility to A. flavus colonization and aflatoxin production in some of the silenced transgenic lines compared with non-silenced control kernels, suggesting the direct involvement of these two proteins in aflatoxin resistance in maize.

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Induced Resistance Responses in Maize

Cited by 212 publications

References 73 publications

Dissecting Defense-Related and Developmental Transcriptional Responses of Maize during Ustilago maydis Infection and Subsequent Tumor Formation

Dissecting Defense-Related and Developmental Transcriptional Responses of Maize during Ustilago maydis Infection and Subsequent Tumor Formation

Identification of a Maize Locus That Modulates the Hypersensitive Defense Response, Using Mutant-Assisted Gene Identification and Characterization

Identifying Aflatoxin Resistance-related Proteins/Genes through Proteomics and RNAi Gene Silencing1

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