Induced gene expression in human brain after the split from chimpanzee

Gu, Jianying; Gu, Xun

doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(02)00040-9

Cited by 111 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…An alternate, albeit related, explanation would be that regions with low genetic variance have greater functional constraints on their determinants of cortical thickness, such that genetic mutations influencing these regions will typically be eliminated quickly from the population through purifying selection. Comparative genomic experiments have shown that a subset of neurally-expressed genes have evolved more rapidly in humans than in other primates [Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, 2005;Dorus et al, 2004;Khaitovich et al, 2005]; both gene expression changes and protein sequence modification have accelerated in humans relative to nonhuman primates [Caceres et al, 2003;Enard et al, 2002;Gu and Gu, 2003;Hsieh et al, 2003;Uddin et al, 2004]. The findings of increased genetic variance in evolutionarily recent structures may represent a remnant of these rapid neurogenetic changes that accompanied our divergence from other primates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in genetic and environmental influences on the human cerebral cortex associated with development during childhood and adolescence

Lenroot

Schmitt

Ordaz

et al. 2007

Human Brain Mapping

305

260

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In this report, we present the first regional quantitative analysis of age-related differences in the heritability of cortical thickness using anatomic MRI with a large pediatric sample of twins, twin siblings, and singletons (n 5 600, mean age 11.1 years, range 5-19). Regions of primary sensory and motor cortex, which develop earlier, both phylogenetically and ontologically, show relatively greater genetic effects earlier in childhood. Later developing regions within the dorsal prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes conversely show increasingly prominent genetic effects with maturation. The observation that regions associated with complex cognitive processes such as language, tool use, and executive function are more heritable in adolescents than children is consistent with previous studies showing that IQ becomes increasingly heritable with maturity(Plomin et al. [1997]: Psychol Sci 8:442-447). These results suggest that both the specific cortical region and the age of the population should be taken into account when using cortical thickness as an intermediate phenotype to link genes, environment, and behavior. Hum Brain Mapp 30: [163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174] 2009. V V C 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in genetic and environmental influences on the human cerebral cortex associated with development during childhood and adolescence

Lenroot

Schmitt

Ordaz

et al. 2007

Human Brain Mapping

305

260

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Some studies found a high rate of expression changes in the brain along the human lineage (Enard et al, 2002;Gu and Gu, 2003;Khaitovich et al, 2005a, b), while other studies found little or no evidence of an accelerated rate (Hsieh et al, 2003;Uddin et al, 2004;Gilad et al, 2006a, b). The reasons for these differences may be technical or methodological and have been discussed elsewhere (Gilad et al, 2006a, b).…”

Section: Comparative Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the role of natural selection in the evolution of gene regulation

Fay¹,

2007

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Surveys of gene expression reveal extensive variability both within and between a wide range of species. Compelling cases have been made for adaptive changes in gene regulation, but the proportion of expression divergence attributable to natural selection remains unclear. Distinguishing adaptive changes driven by positive selection from neutral divergence resulting from mutation and genetic drift is critical for understanding the evolution of gene expression. Here, we review the various methods that have been used to test for signs of selection in genomic expression data. We also discuss properties of regulatory systems relevant to neutral models of gene expression. Despite some potential caveats, published studies provide considerable evidence for adaptive changes in gene expression. Future challenges for studies of regulatory evolution will be to quantify the frequency of adaptive changes, identify the genetic basis of expression divergence and associate changes in gene expression with specific organismal phenotypes.

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“…It remains highly controversial as to what factors could determine the evolutionary rate of expression and sequence divergence (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). An important issue is the role of tissue-specific factors in genomic evolution.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…An important issue is the role of tissue-specific factors in genomic evolution. Several studies have suggested that tissue-specific constraints may generate amongtissue variation of expression divergence between human and chimpanzee (3,4,6,8), or between human and mouse (16). Moreover, it has been found (17,18) that the rate of expression divergence may be negatively associated to the broadness of tissue expression of the gene.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue-driven hypothesis of genomic evolution and sequence-expression correlations

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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To maintain normal physiological functions, different tissues may have different developmental constraints on expressed genes. Consequently, the evolutionary tolerance for genomic evolution varies among tissues. Here, we formulate this argument as a ''tissue-driven hypothesis'' based on the stabilizing selection model. Moreover, several predicted genomic correlations are tested by the human-mouse microarray data. Our results are as follows. First, between the human and mouse, we have elaborated the among-tissue covariation between tissue expression distance (E ti) and tissue sequence distance (Dti). This highly significant Eti ؊ D ti correlation emerges when the expression divergence and protein sequence divergence are under the same tissue constraints. Second, the tissue-driven hypothesis further explains the observed significant correlation between the tissue expression distance (between the human and mouse) and the duplicate tissue distance (T dup) between human (or mouse) paralogous genes. In other words, between-duplicate and interspecies expression divergences covary among tissues. Third, for genes with the same expression broadness, we found that genes expressed in more stringent tissues (e.g., neurorelated) generally tend to evolve more slowly than those in more relaxed tissues (e.g., hormone-related). We conclude that tissue factors should be considered as an important component in shaping the pattern of genomic evolution and correlations.expression divergence ͉ tissue expression ͉ mammalian genomics ͉ gene duplications

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Induced gene expression in human brain after the split from chimpanzee

Cited by 111 publications

References 10 publications

Differences in genetic and environmental influences on the human cerebral cortex associated with development during childhood and adolescence

Differences in genetic and environmental influences on the human cerebral cortex associated with development during childhood and adolescence

Evaluating the role of natural selection in the evolution of gene regulation

Tissue-driven hypothesis of genomic evolution and sequence-expression correlations

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