Induced fabric anisotropy of granular materials in biaxial tests along imposed strain paths

On the attraction power of critical state in granular materials

“…Both the limited shearing strain and the use of the middle dense samples could explain why no such loops were observed, even for similar loading conditions [32]. Such loops were, however, reported in [44,38]. The Group 3 type has also been obtained in 3D simulations not included in this paper which focuses on 2D simulations.…”

On the evolution law of a contact normal-based fabric tensor for granular materials

“…(6a) and (6b)) may be necessary but are not sufficient to maintain the critical state [34,69,70]. Considerable microstructural studies revealed that material fabric at the critical state is anisotropic in nature [9,11,13,34,50,53,57]. Accordingly, Li and Dafalias [34] proposed the ACST, enhancing the two CST conditions by a third, i.e.…”

“…In granular materials, it is associated with various microstructural quantities such as the elongated particle orientation direction, contact normal vectors, branch vectors, and void vectors. It has been widely observed (in both experimental tests [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] and numerical simulations [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]) that the fabric of granular materials is of anisotropic nature, which may be produced in the process of deposition (i.e. initial anisotropy) and/or upon anisotropic loading (i.e.…”

Quantification of fabric evolution in granular material under cyclic loading

“…Fabric and its evolution significantly affect granular materials' macro mechanical properties and continuum behavior, evident in both physical tests [1][2][3] and numerical Discrete Element Method (DEM) 4 tests. [5][6][7][8][9] Fabric is quantified by an appropriately defined fabric tensor, 10 such as particle orientation-based, 11 void-based, 5,[12][13][14] and contact normalbased 10,11,15 fabric tensors. These tensors enter the continuum constitutive equations with main objective to account for the fabric-induced anisotropy of the granular material.…”