Induced electric fields in the MAXWEL surface-based human model from exposure to external low frequency electric fields

Abstract

This work presents calculations of internal induced electric fields in the anatomically realistic surface-based model of the male human body, MAXWEL, from exposure to external low frequency electric fields under grounded and isolated conditions. The maximum 99th percentile induced electric fields calculated in the MAXWEL central nervous system were 3.49 (grounded) and 1.54 (isolated) mV m(-1) per kV m(-1) at 50 Hz. The application of 2, 1 and 0.5 mm resolution voxel models derived from the surface-based version to the calculations of induced electric fields is described. 2 mm and 1 mm resolution maximum 99th percentile induced electric field values calculated in selected tissues of the eye at 50 Hz were within 30 % of those calculated at 0.5 mm resolution. The calculated electric field values in MAXWEL were compared with values from the male model NORMAN and female model NAOMI. The maximum 99th percentile value for NAOMI, calculated by Dimbylow in bone, was 49.4 mV m(-1) per kV m(-1) at 50 Hz under grounded conditions. The corresponding value calculated in MAXWEL was 15.7 mV m(-1) per kV m(-1), considerably lower due to anatomical differences between the male and female models.

AN IN VITRO COST-EFFECTIVE TEST BENCH FOR ACTIVE CARDIAC IMPLANTS, REPRODUCING HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ELECTRIC FIELDS 50 HZ

“…Our results for different organs are similar to other studies without implants [14,15]. For 1 kV/m 50Hz electric field, the maximum induced field over the heart is calculated as 4 mV/m and mean induced electric field over the thorax is calculated as 0.8 mV/m.…”

Computation of Pacemakers Immunity to 50 Hz Electric Field: Induced Voltages 10 Times Greater in Unipolar Than in Bipolar Detection Mode

“…Contrary to surface-based models [ 19 ], the construction of the voxelised human body diffracted in equal cubes is less time consuming, but amplifies numerical errors called staircasing effects [ 20 ]. Our surface-based model is 183.6 cm tall, presenting a realistic anatomical male model of the human body in a standing position, with the arms closed on the sides and the feet grounded (ANSOFT, ANSYS ® , Canonsburgh, PA, USA) ( Figure 1 ).…”

“…The formula considers the human body as homogeneous and spherical. As measurements inside the human body are impossible for ethical reasons, this external value which is also measurable in vivo, has been taken as a value of verification for numerical investigations and for virtual models [ 19 ]. By using simulations, the induced total current density, integral over the contact surface between the feet and ground, gives the estimated value of the total current travelling to the ground.…”

“…Hybrid approaches have been used to calculate induced electric fields in a child model, for the exposure to an external electric field [ 18 ]. Few studies have focused on the surface-based model, which respect to the increasingly curved geometry of the tissues, when compared to voxel cubes [ 19 ]. An extensive bibliographic analysis of the subject, for both an electric and magnetic 50 Hz field, was recently proposed in [ 20 ].…”

Exposure of Live-Line Workers to Magnetic Fields: A Dosimetric Analysis

“…During the last decade, the availability of reliable anatomical human models is progressively increased, making these models becoming more and more anatomically realistic and representative of entire 'human families'. It is worth mentioning here the NORMAN (it stands for NORmalized MAN (it stands for aNAtOMIcal model) and NAOMI datasets [29,30], the TARO and HANAKO models (developed by the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology) [31], representative of Japanese men and women, the Virtual Family models [32], nowadays largely adopted in different field of applications, the 4D Extended Cardiac-Torso (XCAT) Phantoms [33] and the Maxwel model [34], which are the only models based on a realistic representation of the surfaces of the different organs, whereas all the other models previously cited are voxelised (i.e., made of elementary cubes) and intended to be used preferentially by calculation methods based on hexahedral meshes. An extensive review of the effect of the use of different anatomical models has been published by Magne and Deschamps [35].…”