Induced cell proliferation in putative haematopoietic tissues of the sea star,<i>Asterias rubens</i>(L.)

Holm, Kristina Garne; Dupont, Samuel; Sköld, Helén Nilsson; Stenius, Anna; Thorndyke, Michael C.; Hernroth, Bodil

doi:10.1242/jeb.018507

Cited by 59 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This study showed for the first time that proliferation of cells in distant organs, considered HPTs of sea stars (Holm et al, 2008), responded to arm regeneration and most significantly so in the coelomic epithelium. For the first time, we have also shown increased proliferation in a subpopulation of cells in distant pyloric caeca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…When investigating other areas of the sea star, however, it was found that the coelomic epithelium, axial organ (Leclerc et al,'87), and Tiedemann body all responded with increased cell proliferation (Holm et al, 2008;Oweson et al, 2008). This result strongly suggests these organs to be progenitor tissues for the circulating coelomocytes, as had been speculated earlier (Bossche and Jangoux, '76;Kaneshiro and Karp, '80;Muñ oz-Chápuli et al, 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The organs, coelomic epithelium (a pooled sample of dissected epithelium from two arms, one closest to the amputated arm and one of the more distant arms), axial organ, Tiedemann body, and pyloric caeca were dissected and coelomocytes harvested from coelomic fluid. Cell monolayers were prepared on SuperFrostsPlus slides (Menzel GmbH & Co KG, Braunschweig, Germany) for the detection of incorporated BrdU in accordance with Söderhäll et al (2003), slightly modified for studies on cell division in A. rubens as described earlier (Holm et al, 2008;Oweson et al, 2008). Briefly, after fixation, the cells were permeabilized and anti-BrdU-FITC (BD Bioscience, 347583, Becton and Dickinson) used to label the BrdU.…”

Section: Regeneration Experiments For Cell Proliferation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Telomere FISH on interphase nuclei was used to compare the relative telomere length of coelomic epithelial cell nuclei from regenerating vs. intact arms of the same animals (n 5 6), dissociated by incubation in CMFSS buffer (Holm et al, 2008) with 10 mM EDTA. The cells were treated with KCl (0.56% w/v) for 20 min and then washed several times in Carnoýs fixative (MeOH:HAc (3:1)), as described by Uhlmann et al (2000).…”

Section: Telomere Length By Telomere Fluorescent In Situ Hybridizatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier investigations of the immune response in A. rubens have shown that although there was an increase in the amount of coelomocytes, the coelomocytes themselves showed no upregulated proliferation (Holm et al, 2008;Oweson et al, 2008). When investigating other areas of the sea star, however, it was found that the coelomic epithelium, axial organ (Leclerc et al,'87), and Tiedemann body all responded with increased cell proliferation (Holm et al, 2008;Oweson et al, 2008).…”

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confidence: 96%

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Possibility of mixed progenitor cells in sea star arm regeneration

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In contrast to most vertebrates, invertebrate deuterostome echinoderms, such as the sea star Asterias rubens, undergo regeneration of lost body parts. The current hypothesis suggests that differentiated cells are the main source for regenerating arm in sea stars, but there is little information regarding the origin and identity of these cells. Here, we show that several organs distant to the regenerating arm responded by proliferation, most significantly in the coelomic epithelium and larger cells of the pyloric caeca. Analyzing markers for proliferating cells and parameters indicating cell ageing, such as levels of DNA damage, pigment, and lipofuscin contents as well as telomere length and telomerase activity, we suggest that cells contributing to the new arm likely originate from progenitors rather than differentiated cells. This is the first study showing that cells of mixed origin may be recruited from more distant sources of stem/progenitor cells in a sea star, and the first described indication of a role for pyloric caeca in arm regeneration. Data on growth rate during arm regeneration further indicate that regeneration is at the expense of whole animal growth. We propose a new working hypothesis for arm regeneration in sea stars involving four phases: wound healing by coelomocytes, migration of distant progenitor cells of mixed origin including from pyloric caeca, proliferation in these organs to compensate for cell loss, and finally, local proliferation in the regenerating arm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

mentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Regeneration Experiments For Cell Proliferation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Telomere Length By Telomere Fluorescent In Situ Hybridizatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 96%

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Possibility of mixed progenitor cells in sea star arm regeneration

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Immunology of Invertebrates: Cellular

Smith¹

2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Circulating (free) cells are the main mediators of immunity in invertebrates, carrying out the phagocytic, encapsulating and microbicidal responses that enable these animals to protect themselves against infection without a specific adaptive immune system. The cells are specialised for these functions, with division of labour between types. In general, immune cell diversity tends to increase with body complexity and life histories but common to the majority of species, however, are phagocytic and granular cell types that synthesise and store bioactive proteins. The release of these compounds occurs by exocytosis following interaction of pattern recognition receptors and nonself motifs carried on the surface of pathogens or parasites. Cell death of one form or another appears to be inherent in immune reactivity of many invertebrates with new cells produced, at least in coelomates, by mesodermal haemopoietic tissues. Key concepts Immunity in invertebrates is confined to nonspecific inflammatory responses, mediated to a large extent by the circulating blood cells (haemocytes or coelomocytes) or their products. All coelomate invertebrates contain populations of freely circulating cells dedicated to host defence, some well developed for specialist purposes. There are no true vertebrate‐type lymphocytes and no long‐term, highly specific immune memory in invertebrates. The main invertebrate cellular immune responses include phagocytosis, encapsulation, cytotoxicity and the synthesis and release of microbicidal agents. These cellular reactions often involve the death of immune cells or their removal from the circulation, requiring new cells to be synthesised in the haemopoietic tissue and released into the blood. Genomic and proteomic studies have enabled many of the proteins responsible for cellular defence in invertebrates to be identified, especially in arthropods. Although many of the responses and pathways are ancient and highly conserved, there is great diversity in the effector molecules across the invertebrates as a whole.

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Immunology of Invertebrates: Cellular

Smith

2016

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Circulating blood cells are the primary mediators of immunity in invertebrates, carrying out the phagocytic, pathogen trapping and other inflammatory responses that protect invertebrates against infection without specific immunoglobulin antibodies and immune memory. Different immune cell types are usually specialised for different functions with, in general, immune cell diversity tending to increase with body complexity and life history. However, common to most species are phagocytic and/or granular‐type cells that synthesise and store bioactive proteins. Cellular immunity is induced by non‐self motifs on the surface of pathogens or parasites recognised by cell‐derived pattern recognition receptors with diverse binding specificities. Cell death appears to be inherent in immune reactivity of many invertebrates and, in some cases, aids pathogen trapping, which prevents their spread around the body. New immune cells are produced, at least in coelomates, by mesodermal haematopoietic tissues. Key Concepts Immunity in invertebrates is confined to non‐specific inflammatory responses, mediated to a large extent by the circulating blood cells (haemocytes or coelomocytes) or their products. All coelomate invertebrates contain populations of freely circulating cells dedicated to host defence, some well developed for specialist purposes. There are no true vertebrate‐type lymphocytes and no long‐term, highly specific immune memory in invertebrates. The main invertebrate cellular immune responses include phagocytosis, pathogen trapping, cytotoxicity and the synthesis and release of microbicidal agents. These cellular reactions often involve the death of immune cells or their removal from the circulation, requiring new cells to be synthesised in the haemopoietic tissue and released into the blood. Genomic and proteomic studies have enabled many of the proteins responsible for cellular defence in invertebrates to be identified, especially in arthropods. Whilst many of the responses and pathways are ancient and highly conserved, there is great diversity in the effector molecules across the invertebrates as a whole.

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Induced cell proliferation in putative haematopoietic tissues of the sea star,Asterias rubens(L.)

Cited by 59 publications

References 29 publications

Possibility of mixed progenitor cells in sea star arm regeneration

Possibility of mixed progenitor cells in sea star arm regeneration

Immunology of Invertebrates: Cellular

Immunology of Invertebrates: Cellular

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