Induced anisotropy by Mullins effect in filled elastomers subjected to stretching with various geometries

Mai, Thanh-Tam; Morishita, Yoshihiro; Urayama, Kenji

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.012

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In the biaxial extensions, the sheet samples with dimensions of 65 × 65 × 1.5 mm 3 (gauge length; L 0 = 50 mm) were deformed with the constant crosshead speeds of V x and V y in two orthogonal directions ( x - and y -directions), and the resulting tensile force was measured in each direction. The details of the biaxial tester were described elsewhere. , In EB, the specimens were stretched equally in the x - and y -directions with V x = V y = 1.0 mm s –1 . In PE, the specimens were stretched uniaxially in the x -direction with V x = 1.0 mm s –1 , while the dimension in the y -direction was kept unchanged.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinctive Characteristics of Internal Fracture in Tough Double Network Hydrogels Revealed by Various Modes of Stretching

et al. 2018

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The cyclic stretching measurements in various geometries including uniaxial, planar, unequal, and equal biaxial extension reveal the distinctive features of the internal fracture in the double network (DN) hydrogels with high toughness, which are composed of the rigid and brittle first network and the soft and ductile second network. The initial modulus, residual strain after unloading, dissipated energy (D), dissipation factor (Δ; the ratio of D to input strain energy), and the ultimate elongation of network strands (λi,m*) in each loading–unloading cycle are evaluated as a function of the imposed maximum elongation in the i-direction (λ i,m, i = x, y) in each cycle. The modulus reduction and Δ depend on the stretching mode when compared at the same λ i,m, but each of them exhibits a universal relation independently of the stretching mode when the corresponding magnitude of the deformation tensor (m m; m m = (I 1,m 2 – 2I 2,m)1/2 where I 1,m = λ x,m 2 + λ y,m 2 + λ z,m 2 and I 2,m = λ x,m 2λ y,m 2 + λ y,m 2λ z,m 2 + λ z,m 2λ x,m 2) is used as a variable. This is in contrast to that Δ of the filler-reinforced elastomers, which undergo apparently similar mechanical hysteresis, which shows the corresponding universal relation using I 1,m as a variable. The difference in governing variable indicates that the influence of the cross-effect of strains (λ i λ j ; i,j = x,y,z and i ≠ j) on Δ is pronounced in the DN gels whereas it is minimal in the filled elastomers. Characteristically, λ i,m* is close to λ i,m in every type of deformation, indicating that in the end of the loading most of the chains with lower extensibility than λ i,m undergo fracture whereas most of the long chains with higher extensibility than λ i,m remain intact. The elongation λ i,m* has no appreciable cross-effect of strains in contrast to the modulus reduction as well as Δ.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinctive Characteristics of Internal Fracture in Tough Double Network Hydrogels Revealed by Various Modes of Stretching

et al. 2018

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“…The sheet specimens of carbon-black reinforced styrene–butadiene rubber (CB/SBR) with different filler contents (ϕ = 0.05 and 0.17) were employed for the experiments. Before the crack-growth experiments, the specimens underwent several loading–unloading cycles to exclude the complicated influences of the strain-induced softening (Mullins effect) during the crack propagation (Figure b), ,− which enables us to focus exclusively on the effect of ϕ. The softened specimens were stretched to λ y = λ y pre in pure shear geometry, and then the crack was triggered at the sample’s edge midway between the y -boundaries.…”

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Crack-Tip Strain Field in Supershear Crack of Elastomers

et al. 2020

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“…This phenomenon can be explained by the difference in the Young's moduli of the uniaxial compressed hydrogels in the compressed and perpendicular directions. [31,[36][37][38] Specifically, the hydrogel is stretched perpendicular to the compression direction according to Poisson's ratio, and the Young's modulus of the deformed hydrogel is higher in the stretched direction. Accordingly, the surface is considered to buckle preferentially in the softer compression direction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Travelling Wave Generation of Wrinkles on the Hydrogel Surfaces

Kashihara

Asoh

Uyama

2022

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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The dynamic and static properties of structured surfaces have important functions in nature. In particular, wrinkles have important static roles, for example, increasing surface area, but dynamic roles of wrinkles remain poorly understood. Specifically, to understand and utilize the dynamic functions of wrinkles, it is necessary to observe wrinkle formation directly. In this study, a polyion complex (PIC) is formed on a hydrogel surface by electrophoresis, and the process of wrinkle formation through a transparent electrode is directly observed. By quantitative analysis of the wavelength and amplitude of wrinkles, it is found that the wrinkles move randomly in a wavy pattern in the initial stage of growing process. Furthermore, the direction of wavy motion of wrinkles is controlled by the compression of hydrogels in the in-plane direction. The present study provides important insights into the fabrication of wrinkled surfaces with a controlled flow direction; opening the possibility for active wrinkles used in the development of functional surface structures as actuators that are capable of transporting small objects in water.

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Induced anisotropy by Mullins effect in filled elastomers subjected to stretching with various geometries

Cited by 36 publications

References 51 publications

Distinctive Characteristics of Internal Fracture in Tough Double Network Hydrogels Revealed by Various Modes of Stretching

Distinctive Characteristics of Internal Fracture in Tough Double Network Hydrogels Revealed by Various Modes of Stretching

Crack-Tip Strain Field in Supershear Crack of Elastomers

Travelling Wave Generation of Wrinkles on the Hydrogel Surfaces

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