Indoor phthalates from household dust in Qatar: implications for non-dietary human exposure

Qasmi, Noof Nayef Al; Al-Thaiban, Hussain; Helaleh, Murad I.H.

doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3604-8

Cited by 15 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…PAEs (also called phthalates) are used as plasticizers in several consumer products, commodities, and building materials [27]. Therefore, phthalates are ubiquitous in residential and occupational environments, where they are present in high concentrations, both in air and in dust [14,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Comparisons of mass fractions reported in different studies indicate that, for measurements conducted over the past decade, the levels of PAEs in indoor dust tend to be three to five orders of magnitude higher than those of PAHs [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on the concentration of contaminants in household dust have been focused on the analysis of the total mass or of sieved fractions, involving sizes of tens or hundreds of µm [17,29,30,32,35,37,39,40]. A summary of average PAH concentrations in settled house dust by country and year (data from 35 studies) can be found in a recent review article [48].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Household Dust: Loadings and PM10-Bound Plasticizers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Vicente

Nunes

et al. 2019

Atmosphere

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Residential dust is recognized as a major source of environmental contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and plasticizers, such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs). A sampling campaign was carried out to characterize the dust fraction of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM10), using an in situ resuspension chamber in three rooms (kitchen, living room, and bedroom) of four Spanish houses. Two samples per room were collected with, at least, a one-week interval. The PM10 samples were analyzed for their carbonaceous content by a thermo-optical technique and, after solvent extraction, for 20 PAHs, 8 PAEs and one non-phthalate plasticizer (DEHA) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In general, higher dust loads were observed for parquet flooring as compared with tile. The highest dust loads were obtained for rugs. Total carbon accounted for 9.3 to 51 wt% of the PM10 mass. Plasticizer mass fractions varied from 5 µg g−1 to 17 mg g−1 PM10, whereas lower contributions were registered for PAHs (0.98 to 116 µg g−1). The plasticizer and PAH daily intakes for children and adults via dust ingestion were estimated to be three to four orders of magnitude higher than those via inhalation and dermal contact. The thoracic fraction of household dust was estimated to contribute to an excess of 7.2 to 14 per million people new cancer cases, which exceeds the acceptable risk of one per million.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household Dust: Loadings and PM10-Bound Plasticizers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Vicente

Nunes

et al. 2019

Atmosphere

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Mono-n-hexyl phthalate: exposure estimation and assessment of health risks based on levels found in human urine samples

Pirow,

Bernauer,

Blume

et al. 2024

Arch Toxicol

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Mono-n-hexyl phthalate (MnHexP) is a primary metabolite of di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHexP) and other mixed side-chain phthalates that was recently detected in urine samples from adults and children in Germany. DnHexP is classified as toxic for reproduction category 1B in Annex VI of Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 and listed in Annex XIV of the European chemical legislation REACH; thereby, its use requires an authorisation. Health-based guidance values for DnHexP are lacking and a full-scale risk assessment has not been carried out under REACH. The detection of MnHexP in urine samples raises questions about the sources of exposure and concerns of consumer safety. Here, we propose the calculation of a provisional oral tolerable daily intake value (TDI) of 63 µg/kg body weight/day for DnHexP and compare it to intake levels corresponding to levels of MnHexP found in urine. The resulting mean intake levels correspond to less than 0.2% of the TDI, and maximum levels to less than 5%. The TDI was derived by means of an approximate probabilistic analysis using the credible interval from benchmark dose modelling of published ex vivo data on reduced foetal testosterone production in rats. Thus, for the dose associated to a 20% reduction in testosterone production, a lower and upper credible interval of 14.9 and 30.0 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, was used. This is considered a conservative approach, since apical developmental endpoints (e.g. changed anogenital distance) were only observed at higher doses. In addition, we modelled various scenarios of the exposure to the precursor substance DnHexP from different consumer products, taking measured contamination levels into account, and estimated systemic exposure doses. Of the modelled scenarios including the application of sunscreen (as a lotion or pump spray), the use of lip balm, and the wearing of plastic sandals, and considering conservative assumptions, the use of DnHexP-contaminated sunscreen was highlighted as a major contributing factor. A hypothetical calculation using conservative assumptions for the latter resulted in a margin of safety in relation to the lower credible interval of 3267 and 1007 for adults and young children, respectively. Most importantly, it was found that only a fraction of the TDI is reached in all studied exposure scenarios. Thus, with regard to the reported DnHexP exposure, a health risk can be considered very unlikely.

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An overview of organic contaminants in indoor dust, their health impact, geographical distribution and recent extraction/analysis methods

Gunathilake

Ching

Kadokami

2021

Environ Geochem Health

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Indoor phthalates from household dust in Qatar: implications for non-dietary human exposure

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

Household Dust: Loadings and PM10-Bound Plasticizers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Household Dust: Loadings and PM10-Bound Plasticizers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Mono-n-hexyl phthalate: exposure estimation and assessment of health risks based on levels found in human urine samples

An overview of organic contaminants in indoor dust, their health impact, geographical distribution and recent extraction/analysis methods

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