Indoor and outdoor submicrometer particles: Exposure and epidemiologic relevance (“the 3 indoor Ls”)

Abstract

Airborne particles represent a very important pollutant with respect to healthy housing conditions. The snag is that in lack of indoor data epidemiological studies focusing on submicron and ultrafine (<100 nm in diameter) particles are usually forced to use outdoor particle concentrations only. On the other hand it is known that people spend most of their time indoors. The aim of this paper is therefore to give a short comprehensive overview of the indoor/outdoor problem with regard to submicron and ultrafine particles, investigating how indoor particle size distributions correlate with outdoor concentrations in the absence of significant indoor sources. In the absence of a major indoor source, total indoor particle number concentrations were always lower than outdoor concentrations. The highest ratios between indoor and outdoor concentrations tend to correlate with lower rather than higher total outdoor particle number concentrations. Concentration ratios depend on particle size. Time lags of the correlation coefficients between the concentrations of indoor and outdoor particles of different diameters have been determined to assess the time the particles need to enter the indoor site through closed modern-type windows. Typical lag times of 0.5-3 h between somewhat smaller indoor particles and somewhat larger outdoor particles have been observed. To assess the resulting particle burden for humans, a suitably weighted average emphasizing indoor aerosol particles must be used. To classify the health effects of particles of different diameters, different decreases of particle number concentrations depending on the particle sizes must be taken into account if indoor concentrations cannot be measured and outdoor concentrations are used in place of indoor measurements. In urban areas, ultrafine particles originate primarily from rapidly increasing traffic, which is the dominating source at many urban sites. The influence of traffic on outdoor and indoor concentrations is therefore of special interest.

Monitoring of Submicron Particulate Matter Concentrations in the Air of Turin City, Italy. Influence of Traffic-limitations

“…In addition, the dimensionalbased distribution of PM turns out to be extremely stable regardless of the number of particles and this trend is confirmed both for the outdoor and the indoor air sampling sites. Particle concentration counts inside the buildings, in the absence of indoor sources, are usually lower than outdoor values (Franck et al 2006). Our findings conformed to this trend, although we observed a relationship between inside and outside values due to the continuous "to and from" air exchange between indoor and outdoor compartments.…”

Characterization of particle number concentrations and PM2.5 in a school: influence of outdoor air pollution on indoor air

“…Though some indoor studies on PN concentrations in non-school environments have been carried out (e.g. Franck et al 2003Franck et al , 2006He et al 2004;Wallace 2006;Gehin et al 2008), to date, only a handful of studies have been undertaken on PN concentrations in school environments. For instance, Blondeau et al (2004) investigated the relationship between outdoor and indoor air quality in eight French schools.…”

Evaluation of particle resuspension in young children׳s breathing zone using stationary and robotic (PIPER) aerosol samplers

“…PM can be produced indoors from activities such as cooking (Evans et al ., 2008), smoking (Jinot & Bayard, 1994), and burning candles (Weichenthal et al ., 2007) as well as by entering the residence from outdoors (Franck et al ., 2006). Also, resuspension of settled PM during regular household activities can result in PM levels as much as 17–fold greater than background levels (Ferro et al ., 2004).…”