Indoor air quality in homes, offices and restaurants in Korean urban areas—indoor/outdoor relationships

Baek, Sung‐Ok; Kim, Yoon‐Shin; Perry, R.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(96)00215-4

Cited by 281 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The mean UVPM and FPM values found in this study are similar to those reported by Maskarinec, but the Sol-PM is somewhat lower. In Asia, mean levels of 45.6, 22.5, and 25.4 mg/m 3 were reported for UVPM, FPM, and Sol-PM, respectively (Baek et al, 1997). Korean results shown in Table 2 are comparable to those values for UVPM but somewhat higher for FPM and Sol-PM.…”

Section: Particulate Matter Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

An international survey of indoor air quality, ventilation, and smoking activity in restaurants: a pilot study

Bohanon

Piadé

Schorp

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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During a pilot study of indoor air quality in restaurants, a survey was performed in 34 medium-priced restaurants in six countries in Asia, Europe, and North America using a uniform protocol. The concentration of selected constituents of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) present in occupied areas was determined during lunch and dinner periods by measuring the levels of four particulate-phase markers and two gas-phase markers. The particulatephase markers determined were respirable suspended particles, ultraviolet particulate matter, fluorescing particulate matter, and solanesol particulate matter. The gas-phase markers were nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP). Correlation between the markers was investigated to explore an improved monitoring approach. It was concluded that at least one marker in each phase was necessary to describe adequately the ETS load. An assessment was made of the ventilation system in each restaurant, and effective ventilation rates were determined based on CO 2 measurements. Smoking activity was also monitored. These data were used to model nicotine and 3-EP concentrations that resulted in a satisfactory prediction of their levels, especially at the higher concentrations. A total number of 1370 questionnaires were returned by the restaurant patrons in five countries. In some countries, dissatisfaction rates above 20% were observed for draft, freshness of air, and noise. The dissatisfaction rates related to tobacco smoke were less than 20%, which is lower than would be predicted based on measured ETS levels. Based on the results of this international pilot study, recommendations are given for future studies of this type.

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Section: Particulate Matter Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

An international survey of indoor air quality, ventilation, and smoking activity in restaurants: a pilot study

Bohanon

Piadé

Schorp

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Many other studies have measured indoor and outdoor concentrations of one or more of the pollutants included in the current study (e.g., Thomas et al, 1993;Brown and Crump, 1995;Baek et al, 1997;Crump et al, 1997;Clayton et al, 1999;Edwards et al, 2001;Ilgen et al, 2001;Lee et al, 2002). EPA's OAQPS is currently surveying these and other studies with the goal of developing distributions for pollutant-specific ''penetration factors'' that can be used in enhanced versions of the Hazardous Air Pollution Exposure Model (HAPEM).…”

Section: Indoor Pollutant Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pilot study using scripted ventilation conditions to identify key factors affecting indoor pollutant concentration and air exchange rate in a residence

Johnson¹,

Myers

Kelly

et al. 2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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A pilot study was conducted using an occupied, single-family test house in Columbus, OH, to determine whether a script-based protocol could be used to obtain data useful in identifying the key factors affecting air-exchange rate (AER) and the relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations of selected traffic-related air pollutants. The test script called for hourly changes to elements of the test house considered likely to influence air flow and AER, including the position (open or closed) of each window and door and the operation (on/off) of the furnace, air conditioner, and ceiling fans. The script was implemented over a 3-day period (January 30-February 1, 2002) during which technicians collected hourly-average data for AER, indoor, and outdoor air concentrations for six pollutants (benzene, formaldehyde (HCHO), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen oxides (NO x )), and selected meteorological variables. Consistent with expectations, AER tended to increase with the number of open exterior windows and doors. The 39 AER values measured during the study when all exterior doors and windows were closed varied from 0.36 to 2.29 h À1 with a geometric mean (GM) of 0.77 h À1 and a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.435. The 27 AER values measured when at least one exterior door or window was opened varied from 0.50 to 15.8 h À1 with a GM of 1.98 h À1 and a GSD of 1.902. AER was also affected by temperature and wind speed, most noticeably when exterior windows and doors were closed. Results of a series of stepwise linear regression analyses suggest that (1) outdoor pollutant concentration and (2) indoor pollutant concentration during the preceding hour were the ''variables of choice'' for predicting indoor pollutant concentration in the test house under the conditions of this study. Depending on the pollutant and ventilation conditions, one or more of the following variables produced a small, but significant increase in the explained variance (R 2 -value) of the regression equations: AER, number and location of apertures, wind speed, air-conditioning operation, indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, and relative humidity. The indoor concentrations of CO, PAH, NO, and NO x were highly correlated with the corresponding outdoor concentrations. The indoor benzene concentrations showed only moderate correlation with outdoor benzene levels, possibly due to a weak indoor source. Indoor formaldehyde concentrations always exceeded outdoor levels, and the correlation between indoor and outdoor concentrations was not statistically significant, indicating the presence of a strong indoor source.

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“…cooking, cigarette smoking and sweeping) that can raise the indoor concentrations to notable levels (Morawska et al 2001). The I/O relationship in residential buildings with the indoor sources have been found to be up to 2 or even higher in certain situations (Baek et al 1997;Wallace 1996). One of the key factors that derives the indoor concentration levels is the atmospheric dispersion of pollutants around buildings (Santos et al 2011), which, in turn, is affected by the land use pattern of the area where a building in question is located (Kumar et al 2013b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor–outdoor concentrations of particulate matter in nine microenvironments of a mix-use commercial building in megacity Delhi

Goyal

Kumar

2013

Air Qual Atmos Health

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Three naturally and six mechanically ventilated microenvironments (MEs) of a mixed use commercial building in Delhi are used to study indoor-outdoor (I/O) relationships of particulate matter ≤10µm (PM 10 ), ≤2.5µm (PM 2.5 ) and ≤1µm (PM 1 ). Effect of environmental and occupancy parameters on the concentrations of PM during working and non-working hours (i.e. activity and non-activity periods, respectively) are also investigated. Average outdoor concentration of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found to exceed the 24 hour averaged national standard values, showing a polluted environment surrounding the studied building. During the working hours, indoor PM 10 concentration was found 6-10 times, both PM 2.5 and PM 1 were 1.5-2 times, higher than the non-working hours in the selected MEs. The variations of indoor concentrations were highest (17.1-601.2 µg/m 3 ) for PM 10 compared with PM 2.5 (16.9-102.6 µg/m 3 ) and PM 1.0 (10.6-63.6 µg/m 3 ). The I/O for PM 10 , PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 varied from 0.37-3.1, 0.2-3.2 and 0.17-2.9, respectively. The results suggest highest I/O for PM 10 , PM 2.5 and PM 1 as 3.1, 2.15 and 1.76, respectively, in all the three natural ventilated MEs (canteen, kitchen, reception). Irrespective of PM types, the average I/O was <1 for mechanically ventilated MEs compared with >1 for naturally ventilated MEs. As opposed to PM 1 , better correlation (r >0.6) was noted between indoor PM 10 , PM 2.5 and CO 2 concentrations in most of the airtight MEs.

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Indoor air quality in homes, offices and restaurants in Korean urban areas—indoor/outdoor relationships

Cited by 281 publications

References 29 publications

An international survey of indoor air quality, ventilation, and smoking activity in restaurants: a pilot study

An international survey of indoor air quality, ventilation, and smoking activity in restaurants: a pilot study

A pilot study using scripted ventilation conditions to identify key factors affecting indoor pollutant concentration and air exchange rate in a residence

Indoor–outdoor concentrations of particulate matter in nine microenvironments of a mix-use commercial building in megacity Delhi

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