Indoor Air Pollution from Biomass Fuels and Respiratory Health of the Exposed Population in Nepalese Households

Shrestha, Iswori Lal; Shrestha, Srijan Lal

doi:10.1179/oeh.2005.11.2.150

Cited by 121 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Previous work has shown 24-h indoor concentrations of PM10 generated from solid fuels in different settings to be in the range of 300-3,000 mg?m -3 , with peaks reaching as high as 20,000 mg?m -3 during cooking [4,[32][33][34][35]. In a wood-using community in Nepal, the 24-h average PM2.5 was found to be 680 mg?m -3 (range 616-744 mg?m -3 ) [31], which is similar to other studies from Guatemala (22-h average 520 mg?m -3 ) [4] and China (24-h average 489 mg?m -3 ) [36].…”

Section: Exposure Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor air pollution and the lung in low- and medium-income countries

2012

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Over half the world's population, mostly from developing countries, use solid fuel for domestic purposes and are exposed to very high concentrations of harmful air pollutants with potential health effects such as respiratory problems, cardiovascular problems, infant mortality and ocular problems. The evidence also suggests that, although the total percentage of people using solid fuel is decreasing, the absolute number is currently increasing. Exposure to smoke from solid fuel burning increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer in adults, and acute lower respiratory tract infection/pneumonia in children. Despite the heterogeneity among studies, the association between COPD and exposure to smoke produced by burning different types of solid fuel is consistent. However, there is strong evidence that while coal burning is a risk factor for lung cancer, exposure to other biomass fuel smoke is less so. There is some evidence that reduction of smoke exposure using improved cooking stoves reduces the risk of COPD and, possibly, acute lower respiratory infection in children, so approaches to reduce biomass smoke exposure are likely to result in reductions in the global burden of respiratory disease.

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Section: Exposure Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor air pollution and the lung in low- and medium-income countries

2012

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“…These aerosol parameters were used in the column radiative model (CRM) as input data to calculate the aerosol direct radiative forcing and forcing efficiency (Won et al, 2004;Kim et al, 2010). The CRM uses a δ-Eddington approximation with 19 spectral intervals spanning from 0.2 to 5 µm and accounts for several gas absorption spectra; seven spectral bands of O 3 and H 2 O, three of CO 2 , and absorption bands of N 2 O, CH 4 , CFC-11, and CFC-12 are included (Slingo, 1989;Briegleb, 1992). In this study, a linear regression method in the log λ-log χ plane (χ denotes τ , ω, and g) was used to determine the aerosol parameters in 19 λ bands and the number of computational vertical layers was extended from 18 to 54 based on Won et al (2004).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the Kathmandu Valley is located downwind of the Indo-Gangetic Plain region that experienced rapid growth in emissions and severe air quality degradation. All of this has resulted in elevated air pollution concentrations, especially during the dry season (Sapkota and Dhaubhadel, 2002;Shrestha and Shrestha, 2005;Sharma et al, 2012;Kiros et al, 2016). In addition, the bowl-shaped structure of the Kathmandu Valley, with a bottom altitude of ∼ 1.3 km and a rim of 2 to 2.8 km, and topography-induced circulations have made the air pollution more serious by limiting the transport of air pollutants out of the valley (Regmi et al, 2003;Panday and Prinn, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many studies reported various atmospheric compounds, mainly gases and aerosols, and associated temporal patterns with meteorological conditions in the Kathmandu Valley (Sapkota and Dhaubhadel, 2002;Shrestha and Shrestha, 2005;Stone et al, 2010;Chen et al, 2015;Kim et al, 2015;Kiros et al, 2016). Panday and Prinn (2009) described a very regular pattern of morning and evening peaks of the CO and PM 10 concentrations occurring daily in the valley bottom, interspersed with low values in the afternoons and at night.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wintertime aerosol optical and radiative properties in the Kathmandu Valley during the SusKat-ABC field campaign

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Particulate air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley has reached severe levels that are mainly due to uncontrolled emissions and the location of the urban area in a bowl-shaped basin with associated local wind circulations. The AERONET measurements from December 2012 to August 2014 revealed a mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) of approximately 0.30 at 675 nm during winter, which is similar to that of the post-monsoon but half of that of the pre-monsoon AOD (0.63). The distinct seasonal variations are closely related to regional-scale monsoon circulations over South Asia and emissions in the Kathmandu Valley. During the SusKat-ABC campaign (December 2012-February 2013, a noticeable increase in both aerosol scattering (σ s ; 313 → 577 Mm −1 at 550 nm) and absorption (σ a ; 98 → 145 Mm −1 at 520 nm) coefficients occurred before and after 4 January 2013. This can be attributed to the increase in wood-burned fires due to a temperature drop and the start of firing at nearby brick kilns. The σ s value in the Kathmandu Valley was a factor of 0.5 lower than that in polluted cities in India. The σ a value in the Kathmandu Valley was approximately 2 times higher than that at severely polluted urban sites in India. The aerosol mass scattering efficiency of 2.6 m 2 g −1 from PM 10 measurements in the Kathmandu Valley is similar to that reported in urban areas. However, the aerosol mass absorption efficiency was determined to be 11 m 2 g −1 from PM 10 measurements, which is higher than that reported in the literature for pure soot particles (7.5 ± 1.2 m 2 g −1 ). This might be due to the fact that most of the carbonaceous aerosols in the Kathmandu Valley were thought to be mostly externally mixed with other aerosols under dry conditions due to a short travel time from their sources. The σ s and σ a values and the equivalent black carbon (EBC) mass concentration reached up to 757 Mm −1 , 224 Mm −1 , and 29 µg m −3 at 08:00 LST (local standard time), respectively but decreased dramatically during the daytime (09:00-18:00 LST), to one-quarter of the morning average (06:00-09:00 LST) due to the development of valley winds and an atmospheric bounder layer. The σ s and σ a values and the EBC concentration remained almost constant during the night at the levels of 410 Mm −1 , 130 Mm −1 , and 17 µg m −3 , respectively. The average aerosol direct radiative forcings over the intensive measurement period were estimated to be −6.9 ± 1.4 W m −2 (top of the atmosphere) and −20.8 ± 4.6 W m −2 (surface). Therefore, the high atPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 12618 C. Cho et al.: Wintertime aerosol optical and radiative properties in the Kathmandu Valley mospheric forcing (i.e., 13.9 ± 3.6 W m −2 ) and forcing efficiency (74.8 ± 24.2 W m −2 τ −1 ) can be attributed to the high portion of light-absorbing aerosols in the Kathmandu Valley, as indicated by the high black carbon (or elemental carbon) to sulphate ratio (1.5 ± 1.1).

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“…This equates to 3% of the total global disease burden. Coal, wood, and biomass smoke, and cooking oil fumes have been associated with a variety of health outcomes [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], the most notable being lung cancer [14][15][16]. Recently, an IARC Working Group met to assess the potential carcinogenicity of household use of solid fuels (coal and biomass) and of high-temperature frying.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GST genotypes and lung cancer susceptibility in Asian populations with indoor air pollution exposures: A meta-analysis

Hosgood

Berndt

Lan

2007

Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research

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About half of the world's population is exposed to smoke from heating or cooking with coal, wood, or biomass. These exposures, and fumes from cooking oil use, have been associated with increased lung cancer risk. Glutathione S-transferases play an important role in the detoxification of a wide range of human carcinogens in these exposures. Functional polymorphisms have been identified in the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes, which may alter the risk of lung cancer among individuals exposed to coal, wood and biomass smoke and cooking oil fumes. We performed a meta-analysis of six published studies (912 cases; 1063 controls) from regions in Asia where indoor air pollution makes a substantial contribution to lung cancer risk, and evaluated the association between the GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, and GSTP1 105Val polymorphisms and lung cancer risk. Using a random effects model, we found that carriers of the GSTM1 null genotype had a borderline significant increased lung cancer risk (odds ratio (OR), 1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.95-1.79; p=0.100), which was particularly evident in the summary risk estimate for the four studies carried out in regions of Asia that use coal for heating and cooking (OR, 1.64; 95%CI, 1.25-2.14; p=0.0003). The GSTT1 null genotype was also associated with an increased lung cancer risk (OR, 1.49; 95%CI, 1.17-1.89; p=0.001), but no association was observed for the GSTP1 105Val allele. Previous meta-and pooled-analyses suggest at most a small association between the GSTM1 null genotype and lung cancer risk carried out in populations where the vast majority of lung cancer is attributed to tobacco, and where indoor air pollution from domestic heating and cooking is much less than in developing Asian countries. Our results suggest that the GSTM1 null genotype may be associated with a more substantial risk of lung cancer in populations with coal exposure.

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Indoor Air Pollution from Biomass Fuels and Respiratory Health of the Exposed Population in Nepalese Households

Cited by 121 publications

References 5 publications

Indoor air pollution and the lung in low- and medium-income countries

Indoor air pollution and the lung in low- and medium-income countries

Wintertime aerosol optical and radiative properties in the Kathmandu Valley during the SusKat-ABC field campaign

GST genotypes and lung cancer susceptibility in Asian populations with indoor air pollution exposures: A meta-analysis

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