Indoor air pollution evaluation with emphasize on HDI and biological assessment of HDA in the polyurethane factories

Abstract

Today, many raw materials used in factories may have a dangerous effect on the physiological system of workers. One of them which is widely used in the polyurethane factories is diisocyanates. These compounds are widely used in surface coatings, polyurethane foams, adhesives, resins, elastomers, binders, and sealants. Exposure to diisocyanates causes irritation to the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, and respiratory tract. Hexamethylene diamine (HDA) is metabolite of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). It is an excretory material by worker's urine who is exposed to HDI. Around 100 air samples were collected from five defined factories by midget impinger which contained dimethyl sulfoxide absorbent as a solvent and tryptamine as reagent. Samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with EC\UV detector using NIOSH 5522 method of sampling. Also, 50 urine samples collected from workers were also analyzed using William's biological analysis method. The concentration of HDI into all air samples were more than 88 microg/m(3), and they have shown high concentration of pollutant in the workplaces in comparison with NIOSH standard, and all of the workers' urine were contaminated by HDA. The correlation and regression test were used to obtain statistical model for HDI and HDA, which is useful for the prediction of diisocyanates pollution situation in the polyurethane factories.

Correlation between airborne manganese concentration at the workstations in the iron foundry and manganese concentration in workers’ blood

“…The positive relationship between temperature and Mn concentration may be expected as it is reported in the literature with emphasis on dust exposure [23], due to an exponential increase in fine particulate matters emission rate in the course of curing the melting process. It was observed that in the range of typical room temperatures (20-30°C) there was only small effect on emission.…”

“…In the other study, the average of manganese concentrations was 215-978 μg/m 3 for workers in the workplace and the same amount of manganese levels in blood and urine of exposed workers is high [23]. Studies have shown the biological half-life of manganese in the human body against 20-40 days, and after this period the amount of manganese in the workplace decreased or normal serum level would return.…”

Predictive Statistical Model for Indoor Manganese Airborne Particles Affected by Psychrometric Parameters

“…A high personal exposure was found for Mn in the Researchers [3,12,13,15] previously used the workplaces among subjects and it shown that there are regression techniques to correlate pollutants indicators as high level of contamination of Mn compared to NIOSH a function of psychrometric parameters and other permissible exposure limit, but the result of the current factors relevant to factory, such as dry bulb temperature, study is not comparable with other study was conducted relative humidity, dimension of factory and altitude of by researchers [22,23].…”

“…Usually, the health effects of Manganese at room temperature. Interferences from the matrix were predictive model [12][13][14][15][16]. In the workplaces some raw minimized by the use of the Zeeman-effect background material used in the production process such as cement compensation and automated standard addition factory the generation of particulate is predictable and calibration.…”

Manganese Exposure and Toxicity

“…Assessment of indoor air quality may carry out by variety study models such as regression model or multiple linear models aimed for pollution estimation with emphasis on particle matter distribution of effectiveness by psychrometric parameters in the workplaces. Similarly, regression model was used before by other researchers in terms of pollution predictive model [10][11][12].…”