Indoor Air Pollution and its Effect on Pulmonary Function of Adult Non-Smoking Women: I. Exposure Estimates for Nitrogen Dioxide and Passive Smoking

Remijn, B.; Fischer, Paul; Brunekreef, Bert; Lebret, Erik; Boleij, J.S.M.; Noij, Dook

doi:10.1093/ije/14.2.215

Cited by 32 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…This is in line with previous Dutch NO 2 monitoring studies, which have shown that these kinds of water heaters are a major source of indoor NO 2 in the Netherlands (17,18). For example, Fischer et al (18) found an estimated difference in personal NO 2 between women living in homes with and without a gas water heater of 24 µg/m 3 in the case of an unvented water heater and 12 µg/m 3 in the case of a vented gas water heater.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Because of the known strong influence of unvented gas water heaters on indoor NO 2 concentrations in the Netherlands (17,18), children whose parents reported that they had such a water heater were excluded from the analysis. Combined analysis of data from all four seasons was performed using a multiple regression model in which three dummy variables for each season were included.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Personal and outdoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations in relation to degree of urbanization and traffic density.

Rijnders

Janssen

Vliet

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

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To assess differences in exposure to air pollution from traffic in relation to degree of urbanization and traffic density, we measured personal and home outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) concentrations for 241 children from six different primary schools in the Netherlands. Three schools were situated in areas with varying degrees of urbanization (very urban, fairly urban, and nonurban) and three other schools were located near highways with varying traffic density (very busy, fairly busy, and not busy). Weekly averaged measurements were conducted during four different seasons. Simultaneously, indoor and outdoor measurements were conducted at the schools. Personal and outdoor NO(2) concentrations differed significantly among children attending schools in areas with different degrees of urbanization and among children attending schools in areas close to highways with different traffic densities. For the children living near highways, personal and outdoor NO(2) concentrations also significantly decreased with increasing distance of the home address to the highway. Differences in personal exposures between children from the different schools remained present and significant after adjusting for indoor sources of NO(2). This study has shown that personal and outdoor NO(2) concentrations are influenced significantly by the degree of urbanization of the city district and by the traffic density of and distance to a nearby highway. Because NO(2) can be considered a marker for air pollution from traffic, the more easily measured variables degree of urbanization, traffic density, and distance to a nearby highway can all be used to estimate exposure to traffic-related air pollution.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal and outdoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations in relation to degree of urbanization and traffic density.

Rijnders

Janssen

Vliet

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

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“…The effect of other chemical pollutant exposures on the incidence of asthma is not sufficiently known. However, it is known that aeroallergens are strongly associated [8,249]. There are also some low molecular weight chemicals [171,172,293] and certain metals, such as chromium and nickel (WHO EHCs) which can, with significant exposures, produce asthma.…”

Section: Chronic Respiratory Morbiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological studies of the respiratory effects of air pollution

Lebowitz¹

1996

Eur Respir J

112

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Environmental epidemiological studies of the health effects of air pollution have been major contributors to the understanding of such effects. The chronic effects of atmospheric pollutants have been studied, but, except for the known respiratory effects of particulate matter (PM), they have not been studied conclusively. There are ongoing studies of the chronic effects of certain pollutant classes, such as ozone, acid rain, airborne toxics, and the chemical form of PM (including diesel exhaust).Acute effects on humans due to outdoor and indoor exposures to several gases/fumes and PM have been demonstrated in epidemiological studies. However, the effects of these environmental factors on susceptible individuals are not known conclusively. These acute effects are especially important because they increase the human burden of minor illnesses, increase disability, and are thought to decrease productivity. They may be related to the increased likelihood of chronic disease as well. Further research is needed in this latter area, to determine the contributions of the time-related activities of individuals in different microenvironments (outdoors, in homes, in transit). Key elements of further studies are the assessment of total exposure to the different pollutants (occurring from indoor and outdoor sources) and the interactive effects of pollutants.Major research areas include determination of the contributions of indoor sources and of vehicle emissions to total exposure, how to measure such exposures, and how to measure human susceptibility and responses (including those at the cellular and molecular level). Biomarkers of exposures, doses and responses, including immunochemicals, biochemicals and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) adducts, are beginning to promote some basic knowledge of exposure-response, especially the mechanisms. These will be extremely useful additions to standard physiological, immunological, and clinical instruments, and the understanding of biological plausibility. The outcomes of all this work will be the management of risks and the prevention of respiratory diseases related to air pollution. Eur Respir J., 1996Respir J., , 9, 1029Respir J., -1054 This work was supported by USA-NHLBI SCOR Grant HL14136.Previously published reviews of this series 1. Sandström T. Respiratory effects of air pollutants: experimental studies in humans. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 976-995. 2. Chitano P, Hosselet JJ, Mapp CE, Fabbri LM. Effects of oxidant air pollutants on the respiratory system: insights from experimental animal research. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 1357-1371. Heyder J, Takenaka S. Long-term canine exposure studies with ambient air pollutants. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 571-584. This review of epidemiological studies of the respiratory effects of exposures to air pollutants follows excellent reviews of experimental studies in animals and humans that have recently appeared in the Journal [1][2][3]. It has relied both on prior reviews of the topic and on the extensive literature of the major research reports...

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“…Homes without a kitchen geyser served as the reference category; gas fired kitchen water heaters are major sources of NO 2 in Dutch homes. 4 Virtually all homes were equipped with gas cookers, so that it did not make sense to include the presence of gas cookers as an exposure variable. b.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%