Indonesian marine and its medicinal contribution

Abstract

The archipelagic country of Indonesia is populated by the densest marine biodiversity in the world which has created strong global interest and is valued by both Indigenous and European settlements for different purposes. Nearly 1000 chemicals have been extracted and identified. In this review, a systematic data curation was employed to collate bioprospecting related manuscripts providing a comprehensive directory based on publications from 1988 to 2022. Findings with significant pharmacological activities are further discussed through a scoping data collection. This review discusses macroorganisms (Sponges, Ascidian, Gorgonians, Algae, Mangrove) and microorganism (Bacteria and Fungi) and highlights significant discoveries, including a potent microtubule stabilizer laulimalide from Hyattella sp., a prospective doxorubicin complement papuamine alkaloid from Neopetrosia cf exigua, potent antiplasmodial manzamine A from Acanthostrongylophora ingens, the highly potent anti trypanosomal manadoperoxide B from Plakortis cfr. Simplex, mRNA translation disrupter hippuristanol from Briareum sp, and the anti-HIV-1 (+)-8-hydroxymanzamine A isolated from Acanthostrongylophora sp. Further, some potent antibacterial extracts were also found from a limited biomass of bacteria cultures. Although there are currently no examples of commercial drugs from the Indonesian marine environment, this review shows the molecular diversity present and with the known understudied biodiversity, reveals great promise for future studies and outcomes. Graphical Abstract

Study of marine microorganism metabolites: new resources for bioactive natural products

“…Furthermore, seawater, which is similar to human blood plasma in terms of physiology and chemistry, contains biomolecules with lower toxicity and greater therapeutic effectiveness compared to traditional enzymes. As a result, it is not unexpected that there is a growing number of publications each year on the exploration of marine microorganisms as sources of biologically active substances ( Schofield et al, 2015 ; Gui et al, 2017 ; Ye et al, 2017 ; Zhang et al, 2018 ; Hanif et al, 2019 ; Sun et al, 2019 ; Cho et al, 2020 ; Martyniuk et al, 2020 ; Pedrosa et al, 2020 ; Ameen et al, 2021 ; Chung et al, 2023 ; Nugraha et al, 2023 ). About 400 reviews have been published in the last five years with the keyword “marine microorganisms.” Such estimates, however, are “narrowly specific” because marine microorganisms produce antibiotics ( Ye et al, 2017 ; Ameen et al, 2021 ), antitumor compounds ( Gui et al, 2017 ), enzymes ( Sun et al, 2019 ), polysaccharides ( Martyniuk et al, 2020 ), or those that account for the ability of marine fungi ( Schofield et al, 2015 ; Cho et al, 2020 ), algae ( Nugraha et al, 2023 ) to synthesize some metabolites.…”

“…As a result, it is not unexpected that there is a growing number of publications each year on the exploration of marine microorganisms as sources of biologically active substances ( Schofield et al, 2015 ; Gui et al, 2017 ; Ye et al, 2017 ; Zhang et al, 2018 ; Hanif et al, 2019 ; Sun et al, 2019 ; Cho et al, 2020 ; Martyniuk et al, 2020 ; Pedrosa et al, 2020 ; Ameen et al, 2021 ; Chung et al, 2023 ; Nugraha et al, 2023 ). About 400 reviews have been published in the last five years with the keyword “marine microorganisms.” Such estimates, however, are “narrowly specific” because marine microorganisms produce antibiotics ( Ye et al, 2017 ; Ameen et al, 2021 ), antitumor compounds ( Gui et al, 2017 ), enzymes ( Sun et al, 2019 ), polysaccharides ( Martyniuk et al, 2020 ), or those that account for the ability of marine fungi ( Schofield et al, 2015 ; Cho et al, 2020 ), algae ( Nugraha et al, 2023 ) to synthesize some metabolites. Also, most of these reviews focus on marine microbial biodiversity, the determination of chemical composition, structure of metabolites ( Gui et al, 2017 ; Martyniuk et al, 2020 ; Pedrosa et al, 2020 ; Chung et al, 2023 ; Nugraha et al, 2023 ) and their biological activity ( Gui et al, 2017 ; Sun et al, 2019 ; Cho et al, 2020 ; Ameen et al, 2021 ; Nugraha et al, 2023 ).…”

“…About 400 reviews have been published in the last five years with the keyword “marine microorganisms.” Such estimates, however, are “narrowly specific” because marine microorganisms produce antibiotics ( Ye et al, 2017 ; Ameen et al, 2021 ), antitumor compounds ( Gui et al, 2017 ), enzymes ( Sun et al, 2019 ), polysaccharides ( Martyniuk et al, 2020 ), or those that account for the ability of marine fungi ( Schofield et al, 2015 ; Cho et al, 2020 ), algae ( Nugraha et al, 2023 ) to synthesize some metabolites. Also, most of these reviews focus on marine microbial biodiversity, the determination of chemical composition, structure of metabolites ( Gui et al, 2017 ; Martyniuk et al, 2020 ; Pedrosa et al, 2020 ; Chung et al, 2023 ; Nugraha et al, 2023 ) and their biological activity ( Gui et al, 2017 ; Sun et al, 2019 ; Cho et al, 2020 ; Ameen et al, 2021 ; Nugraha et al, 2023 ). However, the prospects of marine microorganisms for use in biotechnology are not considered.…”

“…produces thiocoraline (4), a depsipeptide which inhibits DNA polymerase-α, and has been applied for the treatment of cancer in preclinical research ( Ameen et al, 2021 ). Moreover, salinosporamide A (5) isolated from cultures of the marine actinobacterium Salinispora tropica ( Sun et al, 2019 ) is in clinical trials for the treatment of multiple myeloma, solid tumors, and lymphomas ( Chung et al, 2023 ; Nugraha et al, 2023 ).…”

Why Do We Study Aquatic Organisms?

“…Humans can also benefit from the study of aquatic organisms via the medicinal contributions of marine organisms such as sponges, ascidians, corals, algae, bacteria, and fungi. These organisms are sources of novel anti-HIV, anti-bacterial, anti-trypanosomal, and anti-plasmodial medications [7]. Aquatic organisms are also the hosts of many unique symbionts, which are invaluable sources of metabolites with bioactive properties and can be mined for drug discovery and medicinal chemistry.…”