“…According to Ellis (1997), listening is one of the four fundamental language-learning skills and plays a significant role in daily communication. In comprehending spoken language, listeners absorb it and interpret it based on prior knowledge and experiences (Maharani, 2021). In addition, successful listening requires a range of skills, such as activating prior knowledge (Ghahri & Zarei, 2022), adjusting to changing speech speeds and accents, processing various text forms (Serrano & Pellicer-Sánchez, 2022), listening to main ideas and specific details (Huy, 2015;Low & Aryadoust, 2023), and predicting and guessing the content of audible text (Alutaybi & Alsowat, 2020;Ghahri & Zarei, 2022).…”