Indole-3-lactic acid as a tryptophan metabolite produced by Bifidobacterium spp

Aragozzini, Fabrizio; Ferrari, Annamaria; Pacini, N.; Gualandris, Roberto

doi:10.1128/aem.38.3.544-546.1979

Cited by 97 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In ruminants, products of tryptophan fermentation induce acute pulmonary oedema and emphysema (Carlson et al 1972). Although many intestinal anaerobes are known to ferment aromatic amino acids, including species belonging to the genera Bacteroides (Maryand and Bourgeau 1982), Lactobacillus (Yokoyama and Carlson 198 l), Clostridium (Elsden et al 1976), B$dobacterium (Aragozzini et al 1979) and Peptostreptococcus (DeMoss and Moser 1969), comparatively little is known about the physiological and nutritional factors that control these processes. The objectives of this study, therefore, were to quantitate production of phenolic and indolic compounds in the large intestine, determine the absolute numbers of bacteria involved in fermentation of aromatic amino acids in the large bowel, and investigate the environmental determinants that regulate formation of the potentially toxic end products of these reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enumeration of human colonic bacteria producing phenolic and indolic compounds: effects of pH, carbohydrate availability and retention time on dissimilatory aromatic amino acid metabolism

Smith

Macfarlane

1996

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

379

288

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Concentrations of phenolic compounds in human gut contents were more than fourfold higher in the distal colon (6.2 mmol kg-1) compared to the proximal bowel (1.4 mmol kg-1). Tryptophan metabolites were never found in more than trace amounts in large intestinal contents and phenol substituted fatty acids were the major products of aromatic amino acid fermentation that accumulated in the proximal colon, whereas phenol and p-cresol were more important in the distal gut, accounting for 70% of all products of dissimilatory aromatic amino acid metabolism. In vitro incubations of colonic material showed that phenol was produced most rapidly (1.0 mumol g-1 h-1), whereas indole was formed comparatively slowly (0.06 mumol g-1 h-1). Most probable number (MPN) estimations demonstrated that large populations of phenol and indole producing bacteria occur in the large intestine (range log10 9.8-11.5 (g dry wt faeces)-1, mean 10.6, N = 7). With respect to phenolic compounds, phenylacetate and phenylpropionate producers predominated, while indoleacetate-forming bacteria were the major tryptophan-utilizing organisms. Quantitation of products of dissimilatory aromatic amino acid metabolism in MPN tubes showed that phenol and phenylpropionate mainly accumulated at low sample dilutions, whereas phenylacetate, p-cresol, indoleacetate and indolepropionate were formed in greatest amounts at high sample dilutions. The significance of pH and carbohydrate availability with respect to aromatic amino acid metabolism was shown in batch culture fermentation studies, where net production of phenolic compounds by mixed populations of intestinal bacteria was reduced by approximately 33% during growth at pH 5.5 compared to pH 6.8, and by 60% in the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. Experiments with 16 species of intestinal bacteria belonging to six different genera showed that environmental factors such as low pH and high carbohydrate availability markedly reduced dissimilatory aromatic amino acid metabolism in some organisms, but stimulated this process in others. A three-stage continuous culture model of the colon was used to investigate the effect of system retention time (27.1 or 66.7 h) on aromatic amino acid fermentation. Qualitative and quantitative increases in phenol production occurred from vessel 1 to vessel 3 in this model. Concentrations of phenolic compounds in vessel 3 were three times greater at R = 66.7 h compared to R = 27.1 h. Phenol and p-cresol were not detected in vessel 1, though formation of these metabolites increased from vessel 2 to vessel 3, in a pattern similar to that observed in the distal colon.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enumeration of human colonic bacteria producing phenolic and indolic compounds: effects of pH, carbohydrate availability and retention time on dissimilatory aromatic amino acid metabolism

Smith

Macfarlane

1996

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

379

288

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Interestingly, our results also revealed a signi cant positive correlation between microbiota-derived SCFAs and indole derivatives and Lactobacillus and Bi dobacterium. Actually, numerous studies have reported that microbiota-derived SCFAs and indole derivatives could be produced from probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bi dobacterium [19,20,34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A variety of intestinal microbes, especially Lactobacillus spp. and Bi dobacterium spp., can produce tryptophan-derived metabolites, such as indole-3-aldehyde (IAId), indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) and indoleacrylic acid (IA) [19][20][21], which were demonstrated to promote intestinal mucosal barrier integrity and inhibit in ammatory response by stimulating the expression of IL-22 and activating AhR [22]. Of particular note that Lactobacillus reuteri produces indole derivatives of tryptophan such as indole-3-lactic acid, which activate AhR and induce CD4 + CD8aa + T cells for regulation of intestinal mucosal functions in immunotherapy of in ammatory bowel diseases (IBD) [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological Anti-Tumor Activity of Icariside I by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Its Derived Metabolites in a Melanoma Mouse Model

Chen

Cao

Shi

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Emerging evidence has shown that gut microbiome plays important roles in antitumor immunotherapy by shaping systemic immune responses. Specifically, Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were previously reported to enhance host immunity and inhibit tumor growth. Furthermore, microbiota-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and indole derivatives are gradually regarded as immunomodulatory molecules involved in metabolic signaling pathways. Methods A B16F10 melanoma model was selected as a tumor-bearing animal for the investigation of immunological anti-tumor activity of Icariside I. Gut microbiota structure and composition in cecal content of mice was firstly analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequence with the goal of screening those bacteria highly associated with tumor immunotherapy. Subsequently, targeted metabolomics approach was employed to quantitatively determine microbiota-derived metabolites such as SCFAs and indole derivatives. The population of multiple lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood were measured with flowcytometry to evaluate changes of host immunity. Results Icariside I significantly inhibited B16F10 melanoma growth in vivo through regulation of gut microbiota and host immune. Oral administration of icariside I improved the altered gut microbiota community with marked restoration of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. abundance. Icariside I was also able to improve the levels of microbiota-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and indole derivatives, consequently repairing intestinal barrier and systemic inflammation of tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, icariside I up-regulated multiple lymphocyte subsets including CD4 + and CD8 + T cells or NK and NKT cells in peripheral blood. Conclusions These results suggested that icariside I may be developed as a novel and natural anticancer adjuvant via microbiome remodeling and host immune regulation.

show abstract

“…Indole represents the main bacterial byproduct of tryptophan. Several microbes are capable of producing indole and indole derivatives including Bacteroides spp, Bifidobacterium spp, Clostridium spp, E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Paracolobactrum coliforme, and Achromobacter liquefaciens (86,88,89). Bacterial tryptophanase converts tryptophan into indole, ammonia, and pyruvate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical Features of Beneficial Microbes: Foundations for Therapeutic Microbiology

Engevik

Versalovic

2018

Bugs as Drugs

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Indole-3-lactic acid as a tryptophan metabolite produced by Bifidobacterium spp

Cited by 97 publications

References 18 publications

Enumeration of human colonic bacteria producing phenolic and indolic compounds: effects of pH, carbohydrate availability and retention time on dissimilatory aromatic amino acid metabolism

Enumeration of human colonic bacteria producing phenolic and indolic compounds: effects of pH, carbohydrate availability and retention time on dissimilatory aromatic amino acid metabolism

Immunological Anti-Tumor Activity of Icariside I by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Its Derived Metabolites in a Melanoma Mouse Model

Biochemical Features of Beneficial Microbes: Foundations for Therapeutic Microbiology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About