Indocyanine green and iohexol loaded hydroxyapatite in poly(L‐lactide‐co‐caprolactone)‐based composite for bimodal near‐infrared fluorescence‐ and X‐ray‐based imaging

Abstract

This study aimed to develop material for multimodal imaging by means of X‐ray and near‐infrared containing FDA‐ and EMA‐approved iohexol and indocyanine green (ICG). The mentioned contrast agents (CAs) are hydrophilic and amphiphilic, respectively, which creates difficulties in fabrication of functional polymeric composites for fiducial markers (FMs) with usage thereof. Therefore, this study exploited for the first time the possibility of enhancing the radiopacity and introduction of the NIR fluorescence of FMs by adsorption of the CAs on hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles. The particles were embedded in the poly(L‐lactide‐co‐caprolactone) (P[LAcoCL]) matrix resulting in the composite material for bimodal near‐infrared fluorescence‐ and X‐ray‐based imaging. The applied method of material preparation provided homogenous distribution of both CAs with high iohexol loading efficiency and improved fluorescence signal due to hindered ICG aggregation. The material possessed profound contrasting properties for both imaging modalities. Its stability was evaluated during in vitro experiments in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and foetal bovine serum (FBS) solutions. The addition of HAp nanoparticles had significant effect on the fluorescence signal. The X‐ray radiopacity was stable within minimum 11 weeks, even though the addition of ICG contributed to a faster release of iohexol. The stiffness of the material was not affected by iohexol or ICG, but incorporation of HAp nanoparticles elevated the values of bending modulus by approximately 70%. Moreover, the performed cell study revealed that all tested materials were not cytotoxic. Thus, the developed material can be successfully used for fabrication of FMs.