“…Thereby, opportunity costs for activity participation increase (Klein, 2007), and the availability of temporal resources becomes a deciding factor for participation in educational activities (Rüter et al, 2020). Although academia approaches time-related constraints as the main barrier in accessing educational activities, the corresponding literature is dominated by qualitative studies (e.g., Schmidt-Lauff, 2008;Denninger et al, 2020;Siegfried and Berger, 2020) and multivariate analyses based on crosssectional survey data (e.g., Boeren, 2011;BMBF, 2017). The respective results provide insights into the subjective perception of time constraints as situational barriers (Cross, 1981) and how they may affect the participation decision.…”