Individualising the exposure of −110 °C whole body cryotherapy: The effects of sex and body composition

Abstract

Individualising the exposure of −110°C whole body cryotherapy: the effects of sex and body composition. Journal of Thermal Biology. 65, pp. 4147. 03064565. It is advisable to refer to the publisher's version if you intend to cite from this work. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of whole body cryotherapy (WBC) on a range of thermoregulatory measures. We also sought to examine the influence of sex and body composition.A convenience sample of 18 healthy participants (10 males and 8 females) (27±6 yrs) volunteered for this study. Temperature (core, tympanic, skin and mean body), heart rate, blood pressure, and thermal comfort and sensation were recorded pre-and post-(immediately and every 5 min until 35 min post) exposure to a single bout of WBC (30s at -60°C, 150s at 110°C). Anthropometric data (height, weight, body surface area, body mass index, fat mass and fat free mass) were also recorded. No significant differences in temperature (core, tympanic, skin and mean body), heart rate, blood pressure, or thermal comfort / sensation were observed between male and females at baseline.Immediately post WBC mean body (male: 31.9 ± 0.8°C; female: 31.0 ± 0.9°C; ∆ mean body temperature: 0.9 ± 0.1°C; P ≤ 0.05, d = 0.64) and mean skin (male: 22.1 ± 2.2°C; female: 19.6 ± 2.8°C; ∆ mean skin temperature: -2.5 ± 0.6°C; d = 0.99, P ≤ 0.05) temperature was significantly different between sexes. Sex differences were also observed in regional skin temperature (male thigh, 20.8 ± 1.1°C; female thigh, 16.7 ± 1.1°C, ∆ mean thigh skin temperature: -4.1°C; d = 3.72; male calf, 20.5 ± 1.1°C; female calf, 18.2 ± 1°C, ∆ mean calf skin temperature: -2.3 ± 0.1°C; d = 3.61; male arm, 21.7 ± 1°C; female arm, 19 ± 0.4°C, ∆ mean arm skin temperature: -2.7 ± 0.3°C; d = 3.54; P ≤ 0.05). Mean arterial pressure was significantly different over time (P ≤ 0.001) and between sexes (male 0 mins: 94 ± 10mmHg; female 0 mins: 85 ± 7mmHg; male 35 mins: 88 ± 7mmHg; female 35 mins: 80 ± 6mmHg; P ≤ 0.05). Combined data set indicated a strong negative relationship between skin temperature and body fat percentage 35 minutes' post WBC (r = -0.749, P ≤ 0.001) and for core temperature and body mass index in males only (r = 0.726, P ≤ 0.05) immediately after WBC. There were no significant differences between sexes in any other variables (heart rate, tympanic and perceptual variables). We observed sex differences in mean skin and mean body temperature following exposure to whole body cryotherapy. In an attempt to optimise treatment, these differences should be tak...

Should whole body cryotherapy sessions be differentiated between women and men? A preliminary study on the role of the body thermal resistance

“…For the sake of conciseness, the reader is directed to a recent article for the details of the experimental, medical and administrative procedures of the current study [10] The study was approved by the Moulton College Human Research Ethics Committee and, in accordance to the Declaration of Helsinki, participants were informed of the requirements of the study prior to signing a consent form. Moreover, each participant also completed a medical consent form and declared that they were free from medical conditions including Raynaud's phenomenon and other cold sensitivities, heart conditions, claustrophobia, and allergy to adhesive tape.…”

“…Following a safety briefing from the chamber (Cryogenic chamber;JUKA Poland) operators, participants were required, in pairs, to enter the antechamber for 30 s at −60 °C, and transferred through an internal door to the main chamber for 2 min at −110 °C [10]. Following WBC exposure, participants transferred immediately to the adjacent laboratory to capture the post WBC data.…”

Trasformation of Erythrocytes in Young and Old Rats’ Blood After the Whole Body Cryostimulation

“…Слід також враховувати й значні внутрішньопопуляційні відмінності за ступенем холодової стійкості організму, що можуть визначатися особливостями метаболізму, зокрема, ліпідів. Реагування організму здорових людей на ЗКС залежить від статі й індивідуальних антропометричних показників [18].…”

Modeling the temperature changes of skin cover in the process of cryotherapeutic exposure

“…Наилучший результат от физиотерапевтического эффекта WBC достигается в том случае, когда температура поверхности объекта приближается к минимально допустимому уровню -2 °С [6]. Однако, воздействие паров азота на биологический объект, сопровождаемое снижением температуры кожных покровов ниже -2 °С, может привести к обморожению и необратимому разрушению тканей [7][8][9].…”