Individual Variations in Expenditure of Energy

Booyens, J; McCance, R. A.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(57)90297-0

Cited by 48 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Walking at 5-47 km/hr women expended on the average 0-44 kcal/kg/hr less than men, whereas this difference was 0-74 kcal/kg/hr 167 when walking at 6*44 km/hr. These results confirmed the observations of Booyens & McCance (1957) and showed the difference was highly significant. Moreover, this difference is associated with a significantly shorter length of stride in women.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

The expenditure of energy by men and women walking

Booyens¹,

Keatinge²

1957

The Journal of Physiology

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Benedict & Murschhauser (1915) and Passmore & Durnin (1955) collected together and summarized the main observations made on the expenditure of energy when walking at different speeds. Edholm, Fletcher, Widdowson & McCance (1955) added figures for marching. With few exceptions these observations were all made on men. Mahadeva, Passmore & Woolf (1953) found no sex difference in the expenditure of energy of persons walking at 3 m.p.h. on an indoor track. In observations on two women and four men walking at 3.5-4 m.p.h., Booyens & McCance (1957) noticed that the women expended less energy than the men. Although there are more women than men in the population, little is known about the energy normally expended by women when they are walking. The expenditure of energy of ten men and ten women have therefore been measured while they were walking in order to find out (1) the range of individual variation, (2) whether there is a sex difference. METHODSThe age, height and weight of the subjects and also the ratio between their height and the length of their legs are given in Table 1. Leg lengths were taken as the vertical distance from the greater trochanter to the floor, measured without shoes.The experiments were conducted over a straight outdoor level track 300 yards long. The subjects, wearing flat-heeled shoes, walked along it for 50 yards before their expired air was collected. This was then collected as they walked over the remaining 250 yards and back again. It is believed that these measurements of expenditures of energy will be within 5 % of steady-state figures; the two sex groups will be comparable in this respect.Single measurements of gross expenditure of energy and of length and frequency of stride were made on each subject while walking at two rates: (1) a leisurely one, and (2) 'to catch a bus'.Each speed was nearly the same within the group except for subject 2. Her leisurely walking speed resembled the fast walking of the other subjects, and she was consequently asked to walk more slowly, instead of faster, during the second measurement, so that her result could be compared with those of the others.Expired air was collected in Douglas bags (Douglas & Priestley, 1948). A conventional mouthpiece and valve holder with inspiratory and expiratory valves and two lengths of standard corrugated tubing were used in each measurement. The subjects wore the mouthpiece for 2-3 min 11 PHYSIO. CXXXVIII

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supporting

confidence: 91%

The expenditure of energy by men and women walking

Booyens¹,

Keatinge²

1957

The Journal of Physiology

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“…The distribution of metabolic rates (Tables I and II), in all three positions and for both groups of subjects (Melville and Mezey, 1959) is within the normal range as observed in the series of similar size of Booyens and McCance (1957).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

Adaptation to Postural Change in Psychiatric Patients

Mezey

Melville²

1960

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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“…The results of Booyens & McCance (1957) illustrate these points very well ( Table 2 ) . The first point is that intake and output over 1-2 weeks were, on average, in good agreement, although, as mentioned previously, this has certainly not always been found.…”

supporting

confidence: 59%

Notes on the new international estimates of energy requirements

Waterlow

1986

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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In the present paper I shall try to discuss the ideas and principles underlying the estimates of human energy requirements proposed by a consultative group set up by the Food and Agriculture Organization, World Health Organization and United Nations University, that met in Rome in October 1981 (FAO/WHO/UNU, 1985).I shall only consider adults, since Whitehead (1986) discusses the requirements of infants and young children. Intake v. expenditureIn the present report, estimated energy requirements are based more firmly than before on measurements of energy expenditure rather than of intake. An exception is in infants and children up to the age of 10 years, whose requirements are estimated from intakes because we do not know enough about their expenditure.The principle is not new, but it has been applied more rigorously than before. Of course, if people are in balance, maintaining constant body-weight, input and output will, over the long term, be equal, and it should not matter which is measured to give an estimate of energy requirement. Without embarking on the difficult question of whether energy balance is maintained through regulation of input or output or both, it seems to me common sense that because we have to expend energy, we need an intake, rather than the other way round. Thus expenditure is the primary factor.The word 'requirement', as generally used in relation to healthy people, refers to the habitual requirement over a period of time; a period that admittedly has not been specified. Requirement over I or 2 d makes no sense, except perhaps in people who are ill and whose state is rapidly changing. However, both intakes and outputs are usually measured over quite short periods of a few days on a finite number of subjects. The measurements, therefore, can only produce estimates of what is habitual and, because of the variation within and between individuals, they may be very much in error. Moreover, as is well known, even with the most careful technique, estimates of energy intake and output frequently do not agree (e.g. Norgan et al. 1974).There is in fact no reason to suppose that over the short term people do maintain an exact energy balance. Even if there are no changes in weight, alterations in body composition may occur that are too small to be detected by the methods currently available. For these reasons, in interpreting measurements of intake and output, it is important to have some idea of their variability.available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi

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Individual Variations in Expenditure of Energy

Cited by 48 publications

References 21 publications

The expenditure of energy by men and women walking

The expenditure of energy by men and women walking

Adaptation to Postural Change in Psychiatric Patients

Notes on the new international estimates of energy requirements

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