Individual variations in basal metabolic rate and mechanical work efficiency in east java

Edmundson, W. C.

doi:10.1080/03670244.1979.9990565

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…It has been implied that part of the adaptive responses to chronic undernutrition is related to the greater ef®ciency at which small sized, undernourished individuals on low energy intakes perform (Edmundson, 1979;. Mechanical ef®ciency (ME) is the ratio between the work done and the energy expended in doing it and ME is further subdivided into gross mechanical ef®ciency (GME), net mechanical ef®ciency (NME) and delta mechanical (or work) ef®ciency (DME) (Gaesser & Brooks, 1975).…”

Section: Adaptations To Low Energy Intakes Ps Shettymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation to low energy intakes: the responses and limits to low intakes in infants, children and adults

1999

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Reduction in energy intake below the acceptable level of requirement for an individual results in a series of physiological and behavioural responses, which are considered as an adaptation to the low energy intake. This ability of the human body to adapt to a lowering of the energy intake is without doubt bene®cial to the survival of the individual. However, what is more controversial is the view held by some that the body can metabolically adapt in a bene®cial manner to a lowered intake and consequently that the requirements for energy are variable given the same body size and composition and physical activity levels. Much of this confusion is the result of considerable evidence from studies conducted in well-nourished adults who, for experimental or other reasons, have lowered their intakes and consequently demonstrated an apparently enhanced metabolic ef®ciency resulting from changes in metabolic rates which are disproportionate to the changes in body weight. Similar increases in metabolic ef®ciency are not readily seen in individuals who on long-term marginal intakes, probably from childhood, have developed into short-statured, low-body-weight adults with a different body composition. It would thus appear that the generally used indicator of metabolic ef®ciency in humans, that is a reduced oxygen consumption per unit fat free mass, is fraught with problems since it does not account for variations in contributions from sub-compartments of the fat free mass which include those with high metabolism at rest such as brain and viscera and those with low metabolism at rest such as muscle mass. Metabolic rate per unit fat free mass thus, does not re¯ect true variations in metabolic ef®ciency and is due largely to variations in body composition. This ®nding combined with the evidence that behavioural adaptation in habitual physical activity patterns which occurs on energy restriction is not necessarily bene®cial to the individual raises doubts about the role of adaptation to low intakes in determining one's requirement for energy. The evidence is overwhelming that both in children and adults, changes in body size and composition as well as in levels of habitual physical activity may be the most important consequences of a lowered energy intake and cannot be assumed to be a part of a bene®cial adaptation that in¯uences energy requirements.

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Section: Adaptations To Low Energy Intakes Ps Shettymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation to low energy intakes: the responses and limits to low intakes in infants, children and adults

1999

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…These seem likely to continue in various regional contexts. The ecological basis of health and nutrition has remained a prominent focus of development geography and interdisciplinary studies, primarily in the Pacific (Allen et al, 1980) but also in Indonesia (Edmundson, 1976; and this is one area that has distinguished development geography in the region. The most striking lacuna in this vast area is the minimal attention that has been given to marine issues, and fisheries development, forestry and the timber industry (Jonas, 1985) though this is likely to be an expanding area.…”

Section: Interdisciplinary Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development Studies in Australian Geography1

Connell

1988

Australian Geographical Studies

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“…A detailed background discussion on land and wealth is given by Edmundson (1981). Theories based on a strong correlation between the size of the field holding and wealth fail to take into account variability of land quality, variability of agricultural inputs and outputs on land of similar quality, and the fact that in some villages the large proportion of income is generated by occupations other than farming.…”

Section: The Demographic Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most importantly, in 1981 unlike ten years ago, many now travel into town to work and trade on a regular basis and actively import new ideas and techniques. About 90 per cent of the male villagers as opposed t o only 45 per cent a decade ago, travel regularly to Malang and about 9 per cent have employment outside the village (Edmundson, 1976;Edmundson & Edmundson, 1983). Dick (1982:35) observes that 'improved and better transport is therefore enabling labour to move spontaneously from low to high wage employment in just the way that the economists would predict and increasingly this is true throughout the Archipelago, even as far as Irian Jaya.…”

Section: Other Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During this period we spent a total of 288 full man-days from 4.30 am to 8.00 pni with the families in these two villages plus about 200 short visits of two t o six hours each. Both villages were studied for several months in 1953 and 1954 by Bennett (1957); and were studied in greater detail by us for 18 months between 1969 and 1971 (Edmundson, 1973(Edmundson, , 1976, for t w o months in 1976 (Edmundson, 1977a(Edmundson, , 1977b, for eight months in 1978 (Edmundson, 1979(Edmundson, , 1980a(Edmundson, , 1980b and for three months in 1980 and 1981 (Edmundson & Edmundson, 1983). These data are drawn from numerous structured interviews.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Geographic Variation and Changing Economic Status in Two Javanese Villages

Edmundson

Anderson

1986

Singap J Trop Geogr

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This study details the developmental path observed in two villages over the last decade. In essence, it is a test of developmental theory in action expressed in terms of village responses t o internal constraints and external inputs over time. During the last decade in East Java, there has been a major change in attitude towards development. The villagers are now physically moving in a wider and less territorial world. The initial successes of the green revolution have been followed by many local personal innovations. The villagers' traditional fear of change has been replaced by an active search for social and technological innovations. This study identifies examples of past and present changes.The two villages and 30 villagers described were selected as representative of rich and poor villages in Malang Kabupaten in East Java. In the initial study, after examining 20 villages, we declded t o study those same ones Bennett (1957) had selected as representative of landuse types. The two extreme types detailed here are richer and poorer, respectively, than the average Javanese village.We first went t o the villages with elaborate plans for selection of a stratified random sample. Sufficient data were not available to stratify so it was decided to sample every fifth house. This approach resulted in a strong bias with more wealthy than poor families accepting our requests. Therefore, each village chief was asked to assist in the selection of a representative list of 20 villagers in his village. After interviewing all the selected villagers, we chose 18 families in each village removing four families who appeared to be too wealthy. These remaining families had mean landholdings very close to the median size for the village.

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Individual variations in basal metabolic rate and mechanical work efficiency in east java

Cited by 21 publications

References 17 publications

Adaptation to low energy intakes: the responses and limits to low intakes in infants, children and adults

Adaptation to low energy intakes: the responses and limits to low intakes in infants, children and adults

Development Studies in Australian Geography1

Geographic Variation and Changing Economic Status in Two Javanese Villages

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