Individual variation in resisting temptation: Implications for addiction

Saunders, Benjamin T.; Robinson, Terry E.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.008

Cited by 149 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 407 publications

(553 reference statements)

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“…There is considerable evidence that, relative to GTs, STs attribute greater incentive salience to discrete localizable cues associated with either food or cocaine reward, assessed using a variety of procedures Saunders and Robinson, 2013a). Of particular importance, both discrete and interoceptive cues are more effective in evoking conditioned motivation ('wanting') for cocaine in STs than GTs Saunders et al, 2013b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous studies, we have shown that it is possible to predict, based on the tendency to attribute incentive salience to a discrete food cue, and before any drug experience, which animals will show the highest likelihood of cue-induced relapse/reinstatement Saunders and Robinson, 2013a). Based on these studies, we suggested that STs may be especially vulnerable to addiction Saunders and Robinson, 2013a).…”

Section: Implications For Thinking About Individual Differences In Thmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…There is, however, considerable individual variation in the degree to which reward cues, including drug cues, are attributed with incentive salience Saunders and Robinson, 2013a). If delivery of a food pellet (the unconditional stimulus, US) is paired with extension of a lever (the conditional stimulus, CS), in some rats ('signtrackers', STs; Hearst and Jenkins, 1974) the CS itself is attributed with incentive salience, as indicated by the fact it is approached and engaged, and it serves as an effective conditioned reinforcer ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A discrete cocaine cue (a light) elicits approach into close proximity with it (Flagel et al, 2010;Yager and Robinson, 2013), serves as an effective conditioned reinforcer (Saunders and Robinson, 2010;Yager and Robinson, 2013) and evokes conditioned motivation (Saunders et al, 2013b), to a greater degree in STs than GTs, as do interoceptive cues associated with cocaine . Given that STs are more susceptible to the motivating properties of discrete drug cues, we have suggested that STs may be more prone to addiction Saunders and Robinson, 2013a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Cocaine Context Renews Drug Seeking Preferentially in a Subset of Individuals

Saunders

O'Donnell

Aurbach

et al. 2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Addiction is characterized by a high propensity for relapse, in part because cues associated with drugs can acquire Pavlovian incentive motivational properties, and acting as incentive stimuli, such cues can instigate and invigorate drug-seeking behavior. There is, however, considerable individual variation in the propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward cues. Discrete and localizable reward cues act as much more effective incentive stimuli in some rats ('sign-trackers', STs), than others ('goal-trackers', GTs). We asked whether similar individual variation exists for contextual cues associated with cocaine. Cocaine context conditioned motivation was quantified in two ways: (1) the ability of a cocaine context to evoke conditioned hyperactivity and (2) the ability of a context in which cocaine was previously self-administered to renew cocaine-seeking behavior. Finally, we assessed the effects of intra-accumbens core flupenthixol, a nonselective dopamine receptor antagonist, on context renewal. In contrast to studies using discrete cues, a cocaine context spurred greater conditioned hyperactivity, and more robustly renewed extinguished cocaine seeking in GTs than STs. In addition, cocaine context renewal was blocked by antagonism of dopamine receptors in the accumbens core. Thus, contextual cues associated with cocaine preferentially acquire motivational control over behavior in different individuals than do discrete cues, and in these individuals the ability of a cocaine context to create conditioned motivation for cocaine requires dopamine in the core of the nucleus accumbens. We speculate that different individuals may be preferentially sensitive to different 'triggers' of relapse.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications For Thinking About Individual Differences In Thmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Cocaine Context Renews Drug Seeking Preferentially in a Subset of Individuals

Saunders

O'Donnell

Aurbach

et al. 2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The underlying associations continue to be present and can re-emerge, either spontaneously or in response to a cue. Interestingly, context-induced reinstatement is more prominent in goal-than in sign-trackers (Saunders and Robinson, 2013). Moreover, a context paired with ethanol injections can immediately and profoundly impair the ability to exert goal-directed control (Ostlund et al, 2010), and optogenetic suppression or activation of the prelimbic cortex, which is thought to involve goaldirected computations, can abolish or re-establish sensitivity to punishments (Chen et al, 2013).…”

Section: Shifts Towards Model-free Learning In Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of learning-related dopamine signals in addiction vulnerability

Huys

Tobler

Hasler

et al. 2014

Progress in Brain Research

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Psychostimulants such as methylphenidate (MPH) and antidepressants such as fluoxetine (FLX) are widely used in the treatment of various mental disorders or as cognitive enhancers. These medications are often combined, for example, to treat comorbid disorders. There is a considerable body of evidence from animal models indicating that individually these psychotropic medications can have detrimental effects on the brain and behavior, especially when given during sensitive periods of brain development. However, almost no studies investigate possible interactions between these drugs. This is surprising given that their combined neurochemical effects (enhanced dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission) mimic some effects of illicit drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine. Here, we summarize recent studies in juvenile rats on the molecular effects in the mid-and forebrain and associated behavioral changes, after such combination treatments. Our findings indicate that these combined MPH + FLX treatments can produce similar molecular changes as seen after cocaine exposure while inducing behavioral changes indicative of dysregulated mood and motivation, effects that often endure into adulthood. Tables: 2 References: 254 ABSTRACT Dopaminergic signals play a mathematically precise role in reward-related learning, and variations in dopaminergic signalling have been implicated in vulnerability to addiction. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the relationship between theoretical, mathematical and experimental accounts of phasic dopamine signalling, with implications for the role of learning-related dopamine signalling in addiction and related disorders. We describe the theoretical and behavioural characteristics of model-free learning based on errors in the prediction of reward, including step-by-step explanations of the underlying equations. We then use recent insights from an animal model that highlights individual variation in learning during a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm to describe overlapping aspects of incentive salience attribution and model-free learning. We argue that this provides a computationally coherent account of some features of addiction. CONTENTS

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Overlapping patterns of brain activation to food and cocaine cues in cocaine abusers

et al. 2014

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Cocaine, through its activation of dopamine (DA) signaling, usurps pathways that process natural rewards. However, the extent to which there is overlap between the networks that process natural and drug rewards and whether DA signaling associated with cocaine abuse influences these networks have not been investigated in humans. We measured brain activation responses to food and cocaine cues with fMRI, and D2/D3 receptors in the striatum with [11C]raclopride and PET in 20 active cocaine abusers. Compared to neutral cues, food and cocaine cues increasingly engaged cerebellum, orbitofrontal, inferior frontal and premotor cortices and insula and disengaged cuneus and default mode network (DMN). These fMRI signals were proportional to striatal D2/D3 receptors. Surprisingly cocaine and food cues also deactivated ventral striatum and hypothalamus. Compared to food cues, cocaine cues produced lower activation in insula and postcentral gyrus, and less deactivation in hypothalamus and DMN regions. Activation in cortical regions and cerebellum increased in proportion to the valence of the cues, and activation to food cues in somatosensory and orbitofrontal cortices also increased in proportion to body mass. Longer exposure to cocaine was associated with lower activation to both cues in occipital cortex and cerebellum, which could reflect the decreases in D2/D3 receptors associated with chronicity. These findings show that cocaine cues activate similar, though not identical, pathways to those activated by food cues and that striatal D2/D3 receptors modulate these responses, suggesting that chronic cocaine exposure might influence brain sensitivity not just to drugs but also to food cues.

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Individual variation in resisting temptation: Implications for addiction

Cited by 149 publications

References 407 publications

A Cocaine Context Renews Drug Seeking Preferentially in a Subset of Individuals

A Cocaine Context Renews Drug Seeking Preferentially in a Subset of Individuals

The role of learning-related dopamine signals in addiction vulnerability

Overlapping patterns of brain activation to food and cocaine cues in cocaine abusers

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