Individual social capital and subjective well-being in urban- and rural Austrian areas

Abstract

In this study we investigated the amount of social capital as well as its effect on subjective well-being for the whole Austrian population and separately for rural-and urban areas. By using the Austrian Social Survey 2018, we were able to analyze various social capital dimensions based on a conceptual model developed by Kawachi (2008), namely informal and formal social capital, social support as well as social and institutional trust. We observed differences between rural and urban areas in the social-capital dimension of informal social capital: Individuals in rural areas report more contacts with lower-skilled vocations and more family contacts while individuals from urban areas report more social participation and more contact with a close friend. For the Austrian population as a whole, more contacts with highly educated professions, frequent contact (at least several times a week) with a close friend, as well as social and institutional trust, foster subjective well-being. Frequent contact with up to three distinct family members fosters subjective well-being for the entire Austrian sample as well as for individuals living in rural-, but not in urban areas. This study extends previous research by showing different amounts of informal social capital between urban and rural areas as well as different effects on subjective well-being. To summarize, our results confirm the beneficial influence of certain social capital dimensions on subjective well-being in Austria taking into account control variables based on previous research, while showing different patterns and effects of informal social capital between urban and rural areas.

Development and Initial Validation of the Second Version of the Multidimensional Social Capital Scale (Mscs V2)

“…Literature Review SK tiek izdalīts trīs veidos: piesaistošais (bonding), savienojošais (brinding) un sasaistošais (linking). Katrā no veidiem ietilpst divas dimensijas: kognitīvā (cognitive) un strukturālā (structural) (Šuriņa un Mārtinsone, 2020), un katra no dimensijām sastāv no vairākiem elementiem: sociālā uzticēšanās, ko var iedalīt vispārējā sociālā uzticēšanās, uzticēšanās tuviniekiem un institucionālā uzticēšanās; uztvertais sociālais atbalsts no tuviniekiem; uztvertais sociālais atbalsts no paziņām; sociālas attiecības un piederības izjūta (Beilmann et al, 2017;Ehsan et al, 2019;Belanger et al, 2020;Glatz & Bodi-Fernandez, 2020).…”

“…Piesaistošais SK rodas no attiecībām homogēnu grupu ietvaros (ģimenes locekļi, tuvinieki) (Pitas & Ehmer, 2020). Tā kognitīvā dimensija ietver uztverto sociālo atbalstu (Glatz & Bodi-Fernandez, 2020) un uzticēšanos tuviniekiem (Beilmann et al, 2017), kā arī piederības izjūtu (Belanger et al, 2020). Savukārt piesaistošā SK strukturālā dimensija attiecas uz kontaktu biežumu ar tuvākajiem cilvēkiem jeb sociālām attiecībām (Ehsan et al, 2019).…”

“…(Pitas & Ehmer, 2020). Šī SK veida kognitīvā dimensija ietver uztverto sociālo atbalstu no paziņām (Glatz & Bodi-Fernandez, 2020) un vispārējo sociālo uzticēšanos (Beilmann et al, 2017), savukārt strukturālā dimensija raksturo iesaistīšanos un dalību sociālajās grupās, tīklošanos (network) un atbalsta sniegšanu (Gonzales & Nowell, 2016).…”

The Evolutionarily Mismatched Impact of Urbanization on Insomnia Symptoms: a Short Review of the Recent Literature

“…Empirical evidence has also suggested that these prehistoric groups were broadly made up of biological and affinal relatives [ 10 ]—individuals who would have been protective of each other’s well-being in general due to it being an important determinant of the evolutionary success of their (future) biologically related descendants [ 12 ••]. This is in stark contrast to the relatively common evolutionarily recent phenomenon of solo-living, or living apart from and having relatively irregular interactions with most of one’s kin, especially among urban-dwelling individuals [ 8 , 9 , 13 ]. Thus, in light of the empirically suggested stress-alleviating role of kin support [ 14 , 15 ] and the knowledge that sleep difficulties can result from the pressures of life [ 16 ], it is believed that the comparative lack of easily accessible support from relatives, in addition to the issues surrounding solo-living itself, is likely a risk factor for developing insomnia symptoms among urban residents [ 17 ].…”

Social capital of the agricultural sphere: theoretical concept of evaluation of formation and functioning

“…Визначенню місця соціального капіталу в забезпеченні ефективного функціонування різноманітних складних ієрархічних соціально-економічних систем приділяється особлива увага багатьох дослідників. Так, C. Glatz (2020) та О. Bodi-Fernandez (2020) визначають вплив кількості соціального капіталу на суб'єктивне благополуччя всього населення Австрії і окремо для сільських і міських районів [22]; L. Alcorta (2020), J. Smits (2020), H. J. Swedlund (2020) та de Jong E. (2020) розкривають важливість соціального капіталу в досягненні соціальних трансформацій та економічного розвитку на прикладі 27 країн Африки [16]. Вплив соціального капіталу та інтеграції знань на ефективність інновацій на прикладі віртуальних команд досліджують J. Li (2020), X. Wan (2020) і X. Wang (2020) [24], тоді як G.-Q.…”