Individual profiles of spatio-temporal coordination in high intensity swimming

Figueiredo, Pedro; Seifert, Ludovic; Vilas-Boas, João Paulo; Fernandes, Ricardo J.

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2012.01.006

Cited by 26 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…If so, temporal asymmetry could reflect the variability of impulse, i.e., the force-time pattern (Aujouannet, Rouard, & Bonifazi, 2006b). Although it is not accurate to estimate the impulse per upper limb cycle, as swimmers tend to use overlapping coordination in high intensity exercises (Figueiredo et al, 2012), the higher forces (mean and maximum) obtained by the dominant upper limb in the current study confirm the referred suggestion. Complementarily, we were interested in examining how the force (a)symmetry develops along a maximal bout.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…The assessment of biomechanical asymmetries is useful in both clinical and research settings, being possible to characterize the functional imbalance between upper limbs with a single discrete measure (Evershed, Burkett, & Mellifont, 2014). Theoretically, this functional imbalance could augment the front crawl intra-cycle velocity variation, increase the energy cost for the same average speed (Figueiredo et al, 2012) and deteriorate body postures by maximising hydrodynamic drag (Sanders et al, 2012). In the current study, the majority of the participants presented force asymmetry and there was a large inter-individual variability, with symmetry indexes ranging from 3.3% to 48.5% confirming our first hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, when performing front crawl, swimmers intend to keep an uninterrupted application of force in water, leading to a lower intra-cycle velocity variation (Barbosa et al, 2010;Figueiredo, Seifert, Vilas-Boas, & Fernandes, 2012) and, consequently, to an optimal performance (Formosa, Mason, & Burkett, 2011). However, the upper limbs alternating movements do not necessarily ensure symmetry, particularly regarding upper limb coordination (Seifert, Chollet, & Allard, 2005), hand speed (Keskinen, 1994), hand path (Aujouannet, Bonifazi, Hintzy, Vuillerme, & Rouard, 2006a) and propulsive forces (Formosa, Sayers, & Burkett, 2013;Formosa et al, 2011;Yeater, Martin, White, & Gilson, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of upper limb kinetic asymmetries in front crawl swimming

Morouço

Marinho

Fernandes

et al. 2015

Human Movement Science

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This study aimed at quantifying upper limb kinetic asymmetries in maximal front crawl swimming and to examine if these asymmetries would affect the contribution of force exertion to swimming performance. Eighteen high level male swimmers with unilateral breathing patterns and sprint or middle distance specialists, volunteered as participants. A load-cell was used to quantify the forces exerted in water by completing a 30s maximal front crawl tethered swimming test and a maximal 50 m free swimming was considered as a performance criterion. Individual force-time curves were obtained to calculate the mean and maximum forces per cycle, for each upper limb. Following, symmetry index was estimated and breathing laterality identified by questionnaire. Lastly, the pattern of asymmetries along the test was estimated for each upper limb using linear regression of peak forces per cycle. Asymmetrical force exertion was observed in the majority of the swimmers (66.7%), with a total correspondence of breathing laterality opposite to the side of the force asymmetry. Forces exerted by the dominant upper limb presented a higher decrease than from the non-dominant. Very strong associations were found between exerted forces and swimming performance, when controlling the isolated effect of symmetry index. Results point that force asymmetries occur in the majority of the swimmers, and that these asymmetries are most evident in the first cycles of a maximum bout. Symmetry index stood up as an influencing factor on the contribution of tethered forces over swimming performance. Thus, to some extent, a certain degree of asymmetry is not critical for short swimming performance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of upper limb kinetic asymmetries in front crawl swimming

Morouço

Marinho

Fernandes

et al. 2015

Human Movement Science

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“…Each camera was fixed to a tripod (Hama Star 63, Hama Ltd., UK) at 0.8 m height (surface), 1.4 m deep (underwater), with underwater cameras being inside a waterproof housing (Sony SPK-HCH, Sony Electronics Inc., Japan). The angles between adjacent surface and underwater camera axes varied from 70 to 110° (de Jesus et al, 2015;Figueiredo, Seifert, Vilas-Boas, & Fernandes, 2012). A ninth stationary, synchronised surface camera fixed on a tripod at 3 m height was positioned perpendicularly to the swimmer's start lane.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of different foot and hand set-up positions on backstroke start performance

Jesus

Abraldes

et al. 2016

Sports Biomechanics

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Foot and hand set-up position effects were analysed on backstroke start performance. Ten swimmers randomly completed 27 starts grouped in trials (n = 3) of each variation, changing foot (totally immersed, partially and totally emerged) and hand (lowest, highest horizontal and vertical) positioning. Fifteen cameras recorded kinematics, and four force plates collected hands and feet kinetics. Standardised mean difference and 95% confidence intervals were used. Variations with feet immersed have shown lower vertical centre of mass (CM) set-up position (0.16 m), vertical impulse exerted at the hands, horizontal and vertical impulse exerted at the feet (0.28, 0.41, 0.16 N/BW.s, respectively) than feet emerged with hands horizontal and vertically positioned. Most variations with feet partially emerged exhibited higher and lesser vertical impulse exerted at hands than feet immersed and emerged (e.g. vertical handgrip, 0.13, 0.15 N/BW.s, respectively). Variation with feet emerged and hands on the lowest horizontal handgrip depicted shorter horizontal (0.23, 0.26 m) and vertical CM positioning at flight (0.16, 0.15 m) than the highest horizontal and vertical handgrip, respectively. Start variations have not affected 15-m time. Variations with feet partially or totally emerged depicted advantages, but focusing on the entry and underwater biomechanics is relevant for a shorter start time.

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“…28,34,42 The camera is fixed on a specific field of view and the footage is captured as the swimmer moves past. When using a smaller capture space, issues arise as only a short number of stroke cycles can actually be recorded within the capture space.…”

Section: Paytonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Video-Based Methods for Competitive Swimming Analysis: A Systematic Review

Quinlan

Laighin²,

Mooney³

et al. 2015

Sport Exerc Med Open J

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This paper explores the application of video-based methods for the analysis of competitive swimming performance. A systematic search of the existing literature was conducted using the following keywords: swim*, performance, analysis, quantitative, qualitative, camera, video on studies published in the last five years, in the electronic databases ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and SPORT discus. Of the 384 number of records initially identified, 30 articles were fully reviewed and their outcome measures were analysed and categorised according to (i) the processes involved, (ii) the application of video for technical analysis of swimming performance and (iii) emerging advances in video technology. Results showed that video is one of the most common methods used to gather data for analysing performance in swimming. The process of using video in aquatic settings is complex, with little consensus amongst coaches regarding a best-practice approach, potentially hindering usage and effectiveness. Different methodologies were assessed and recommendations for coaches, sport scientists and clinicians are provided. Video is an extremely versatile tool. In addition to providing a visual record, it can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis and is used in both training and competition settings. Cameras can be positioned to gather images both above and below the water. Ongoing advances in automation of video processing techniques and the integration of video with other analysis tools suggest that video analysis will continue to remain central to the preparation of elite swimmers.

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Individual profiles of spatio-temporal coordination in high intensity swimming

Cited by 26 publications

References 62 publications

Quantification of upper limb kinetic asymmetries in front crawl swimming

Quantification of upper limb kinetic asymmetries in front crawl swimming

The effect of different foot and hand set-up positions on backstroke start performance

Application of Video-Based Methods for Competitive Swimming Analysis: A Systematic Review

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