“…Findings from other studies suggest that the more students are exposed to various aspects of the research process, such designing and carrying out studies, performing literature searches, and publishing manuscripts, the more confident students are in their ability to do research ( Phillips and Russell, 1994 ; Lambie and Vaccaro, 2011 ; Lambie et al, 2014 ; Petko et al, 2020 ). Particularly important for academic researchers, especially those entering the tenure-track, perceived competence in one’s research abilities may also be linked to interest in conducting research, research productivity, innovation, and creativity for both graduate students and early career researchers ( Olehnovica et al, 2015 ; Jung, 2018 ; Petko et al, 2020 ). Given the influence perceived competence may have on both academic and non-academic outcomes, coupled with the expectation that graduates of doctoral programs in all fields can effectively conduct research independently, developing a valid and reliable tool for measuring perceived research competence across disciplines and settings is needed.…”