Individual Foot Shape Modeling from 2D Dimensions Based on Template and FFD

Methodological and statistical approaches for the assessment of foot shape using three‐dimensional foot scanning: a scoping review

“…The included studies originated from 17 different countries: China ( n = 41) [4, 11, 30–68], Japan ( n = 6) [16, 44, 69–72], Germany ( n = 4) [13, 73–75], Romania ( n = 3) [8, 76, 77], South Korea ( n = 3) [78–80], Spain ( n = 3) [22, 81, 82], United States ( n = 3) [83–85], Italy ( n = 3) [20, 21, 86], India ( n = 2) [5, 87], Malaysia ( n = 2) [3, 88], New Zealand ( n = 2) [35, 62], Australia ( n = 2) [89, 90], Belgium ( n = 2) [18, 91], United Kingdom ( n = 2) [92, 93], Canada ( n = 1) [94], Iran ( n = 1) [9], Russia ( n = 1) [47], Slovenia ( n = 1) [95], and Sweden ( n = 1) [75]. Several study designs were utilised in the literature, these included: 51 comparisons of mean differences between groups [3, 5, 8, 9, 22, …”

“…Sample size ranged from 11 to 1,200,847, with 57 studies including healthy young adults [3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21, 30–40, 42–46, 48–50, 54–56, 59–61, 63–71, 74, 77, 78, 80–84, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94]. Other groups included: older adults (> 65 years) ( n = 18) [8, 9, 34, 38, 45, 56, 61, 70, 72, 74, 77, 82–84, 87, 91, 93, 94], children/adolescents (< 18 years) ( n = 11) [5, 13, 37, 38, 41, 52, 56, 75, 80, 89, 92], participants with medical conditions ( n = 7) (such as Down syndrome […”

“…All but six studies [21, 53, 57, 65, 73, 79] reported participant sex. Fifty‐three studies reported mean age (ranging from 8 to 75 years) [3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 22, 30–36, 38, 40, 43–46, 48, 50, 51, 54–56, 58, 59, 61–64, 67–72, 74, 75, 77, 82–84, 86–90, 93, 94], and 51 reported age standard deviation [3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 22, 30–36, 38, 40, 43–46, 48, 50, 51, 54–56, 58, 59, …”

“…Sixty‐seven of the included studies performed 3D surface scanning of participants in bipedal stance (half bodyweight) [3, 4, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20–22, 30–37, 39–45, 47, 48, 50–54, 56–59, 61–75, 78–82, 84–86, 88–95], 11 studies with partial/semi weightbearing (seated/standing) [22, 43, 52, 59, 70–72, 83, 84, 86, 90], six studies in unipedal stance (full bodyweight) [18, 57, 59, 75, 84, 90], five studies in non‐weightbearing (prone/supine) [4, 30, 34, 46, 57], and two studies with external bodyweight [36, 57]. Nine studies did not report the weightbearing condition [5, 8, 38, 49,…”

“…Nine studies did not report the weightbearing condition [5, 8, 38, 49, 55, 60, 76, 77, 87]. Thirty‐nine studies reported performing scans bilaterally [3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 18, 20–22, 30, 31, 33, 37, 40, 43, 44, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 77, 79, 86–88, 91, 92, 95] and 32 reported unilateral scanning [4, 16, 32, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45–49, 51, 63, 64, 66–68, 71, 74, 75, 78, 80–85, …”