Individual differences in the acquisition of affectively valenced associations.

Zinbarg, Richard E.; Mohlman, Jan

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.1024

Cited by 142 publications

(113 citation statements)

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“…Gray and colleagues (Gray, 1987;Gray & McNaughton, 2003) have proposed that although activity in the BIS/SHS corresponds to state anxiety, differences in trait anxiety 5 arise from individual differences in the sensitivity of the BIS. This proposition is supported by research showing that measures of BIS correlate with both state anxiety (Carver & White, 1994; Gomes & Gomez, 2005;Zinbarg & Mohlman, 1998) and DSM-IV diagnosed anxiety disorders (Johnson, Turner & Iwata, 2003).The idea that the BIS underlies a core temperamental trait important in the acquisition of fear re-occurs in the literature. Tellegen (1985) has identified a personality dimension of 'negative emotionality' that aligns to both anxiety (in terms of reactions to stress) and the BIS.…”

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confidence: 88%

“…Field et al, (2001) showed that 7-9 year old children's self-arise from individual differences in the sensitivity of the BIS. This proposition is supported by research showing that measures of BIS correlate with both state anxiety (Carver & White, 1994;Gomes & Gomez, 2005;Zinbarg & Mohlman, 1998) and DSM-IV diagnosed anxiety disorders (Johnson, Turner & Iwata, 2003).…”

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“…First, in one interpretation of the model (see Zinbarg & Mohlman, 1998), the BIS is regarded as influencing motivation and, therefore, performance aspects of what has been learnt. As such, trait anxiety would be positively associated with avoidance motivation and hence performance aspects of avoidance behaviors (addressing also Lang's behavioral component of emotion).…”

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The behavioral inhibition system and the verbal information pathway to children's fears.

Field

2006

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) is the neurological substrate of trait anxiety and is linked to the development of anxiety disorders. Three experiments are reported that investigate the moderating influence of the BIS on one pathway to fear: threat information. In all studies, children were given verbal information about a set of novel animals and their BIS sensitivity was measured. The results suggest that BIS sensitivity (1) facilitates attentional biases to stimuli associated with threat information; and (2) facilitates behavioral avoidance of novel stimuli associated with threat information. This suggests a possible mechanism through which the behavioral inhibition system may promote the acquisition of animal fears. 3The Behavioral Inhibition System and the Verbal Information Pathway to Children's Fears Rachman (1977) proposed that fears could be acquired through three pathways: direct negative conditioning experiences, learning through observing others, and fear transmitted through verbal information. Retrospective studies have shown support for all three pathways (see King, Gullone & Ollendick, 1998;Merckelbach, De Jong, Muris & van den Hout, 1996 for reviews), however, the information pathway remains the least experimentally studied. AlthoughRachman did not formalize a mechanism through which fear information would have an effect, modern theories of fear development are intrinsically linked to the verbal information pathway.Davey (1997) has pointed out that there are two roles for moderating factors in conditioning models of fear acquisition. The first is through creating expectancies about the likely outcome of an encounter with a conditioned stimulus, CS (expectancy evaluations). The second is through moderating the aversiveness of the unconditioned stimulus (US) or US representation (US Revaluation processes). Threat information could affect both processes by (1) creating expectancies or beliefs about likely outcomes of subsequent conditioning episodes and (2) by revaluing a previously innocuous experience such that its mental representation comes to act as a negative US. In terms of expectancy evaluations, Davey (1997) noted a body of conditioning research suggesting that the core CS-US association driving acquired fear responses in humans is influenced by existing beliefs about the likely outcome of interacting with the CS. For example, a child believing that a dog will bite her who is subsequently bitten will have a stronger dogtrauma association than a child for whom the bite conflicts with their prior assumptions (see Field, in press).Although retrospective studies have shown that threat information contributes to the development of fears, these reports will be prone to memory bias and forgetting of potentially important learning episodes (see King, Gullone & Ollendick, 1998;Merckelbach, De Jong, Muris & Van den Hout, 1996 for reviews). Field, Argyris & Knowles (2001) have developed an experimental paradigm for looking at the effects of fear information in the development of ani...

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The behavioral inhibition system and the verbal information pathway to children's fears.

Field

2006

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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“…could be developed, then item analysis techniques could be used to construct scales that map directly upon these separate processes. There have already been a number of notable attempts to design personality scales that directly measure motivational systems (e.g., Carver & White 1994); these scales are often relatively successful in predicting positive incentive motivation (e.g., Zinbarg & Mohlman 1998). This strategy may be more profitable than relying upon arbitrary criteria to choose between existing (surface) trait descriptions of personality.…”

Section: Does Extraversion Predict Positive Incentive Motivation?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Steps to a neurochemistry of personality

Lawrence¹,

Koepp²,

Gunn³

et al. 1999

Behav Brain Sci

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Extraversion has two central characteristics: (1) interpersonal engagement, which consists of affiliation (enjoying and valuing close interpersonal bonds, being warm and affectionate) and agency (being socially dominant, enjoying leadership roles, being assertive, being exhibitionistic, and having a sense of potency in accomplishing goals) and (2) impulsivity, which emerges from the interaction of extraversion and a second, independent trait (constraint). Agency is a more general motivational disposition that includes dominance, ambition, mastery, efficacy, and achievement. Positive affect (a combination of positive feelings and motivation) is closely associated with extraversion. Extraversion is accordingly based on positive incentive motivation.Parallels between extraversion (particularly its agency component) and a mammalian behavioral approach system based on positive incentive motivation implicate a neuroanatomical network and modulatory neurotransmitters in the processing of incentive motivation. A corticolimbic-striatal-thalamic network (1) integrates the salient incentive context in the medial orbital cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus; (2) encodes the intensity of incentive stimuli in a motive circuit composed of the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area dopamine projection system; and (3) creates an incentive motivational state that can be transmitted to the motor system.Individual differences in the functioning of this network arise from functional variation in the ventral tegmental area dopamine projections, which are directly involved in coding the intensity of incentive motivation. The animal evidence suggests that there are three neurodevelopmental sources of individual differences in dopamine: genetic, "experience-expectant," and "experience-dependent." Individual differences in dopamine promote variation in the heterosynaptic plasticity that enhances the connection between incentive context and incentive motivation and behavior.Our psychobiological threshold model explains the effects of individual differences in dopamine transmission on behavior, and their relation to personality traits is discussed.Keywords: behavioral sensitization; dopamine; extraversion; heterosynaptic plasticity; incentive motivation; neurobiology; personality the behavioral, emotional, and motivational characteristics of extraversion. Next, we identified a mammalian behavior pattern with corresponding characteristics, as described in the psychological and ethological literatures. Once an analogous motivation was identified, animal neurobiological research provided empirical links to its neural organization and neurochemical modulation. These hypotheses were then extended to humans and subjected to empirical tests. Extraversion: Central characteristics and underlying motivationExtraversion is a higher-order trait that is derived from a set of correlated lower-order traits. The lower-order traits are measures of behavioral and emotional characteristicssuch as social dominance, positive emo...

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“…This is a point of irritation for Pickering (Chapter 16) who thinks that the human level results were not directly applicable to the theory. Tests of reward or punishment sensitivity could involve conditioning (e.g., Zinbarg and Mohlman, 1998;Zinbarg and Revelle, 1989) and classification tasks (Rogers and Revelle, 1998) as they related to self report inventories. These studies did not attempt to relate these behaviors to parts of the septal-hippocampal loop, but were expressed at the conceptual level of rewards, punishments, and positive and negative affect.…”

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The contribution of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory to personality theory

Revelle

2008

The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality

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Individual differences in the acquisition of affectively valenced associations.

Cited by 142 publications

References 35 publications

The behavioral inhibition system and the verbal information pathway to children's fears.

The behavioral inhibition system and the verbal information pathway to children's fears.

Steps to a neurochemistry of personality

The contribution of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory to personality theory

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