Individual differences in social homeostasis

Bales, Karen L.; Hang, Sally; Paulus, John P.; Jahanfard, Elaina; Manca, Claudia; Jost, Geneva; Boyer, Chase J; Bern, Rose; Yerumyan, Daniella; Rogers, Sophia; Mederos, Sabrina L.

doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1068609

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 160 publications

(172 reference statements)

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“…Like all regulatory functions, these are defined by temporal interdependencies: how the system changes between time x and time x + t is contingent on the state of the system at time x (Bergson, 2007; Cole, Lougheed, Chow, & Ram, 2020; Lunkenheimer, Hamby, Lobo, Cole, & Olson, 2020). But the crucial point of difference for coregulation is that it is also relational in essence: the change in partner 1 is contingent not just on the previous state of partner 1, but also on the state of partner 2 (Bales et al., 2023; Fogel, 1993; Schneirla, 1946). In this way, coregulation is like a dance—or a series of intricate, interleaved dances across different levels and different systems, each essential for keeping us alive (Feldman, 2007; Kopp, 1982; Munakata, Snyder, & Chatham, 2012; Nigg, 2017; Tronick, 1982; Zhang, Gatzke‐Kopp, Cole, & Ram, 2022).…”

Section: Why Study Interactions?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual Research Review: ‘There, the dance is – at the still point of the turning world’ – dynamic systems perspectives on coregulation and dysregulation during early development

Wass,

Greenwood,

Esposito

et al. 2024

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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During development we transition from coregulation (where regulatory processes are shared between child and caregiver) to self‐regulation. Most early coregulatory interactions aim to manage fluctuations in the infant's arousal and alertness; but over time, coregulatory processes become progressively elaborated to encompass other functions such as sociocommunicative development, attention and executive control. The fundamental aim of coregulation is to help maintain an optimal ‘critical state’ between hypo‐ and hyperactivity. Here, we present a dynamic framework for understanding child–caregiver coregulatory interactions in the context of psychopathology. Early coregulatory processes involve both passive entrainment, through which a child's state entrains to the caregiver's, and active contingent responsiveness, through which the caregiver changes their behaviour in response to behaviours from the child. Similar principles, of interactive but asymmetric contingency, drive joint attention and the maintenance of epistemic states as well as arousal/alertness, emotion regulation and sociocommunicative development. We describe three ways in which active child–caregiver regulation can develop atypically, in conditions such as Autism, ADHD, anxiety and depression. The most well‐known of these is insufficient contingent responsiveness, leading to reduced synchrony, which has been shown across a range of modalities in different disorders, and which is the target of most current interventions. We also present evidence that excessive contingent responsiveness and excessive synchrony can develop in some circumstances. And we show that positive feedback interactions can develop, which are contingent but mutually amplificatory child–caregiver interactions that drive the child further from their critical state. We discuss implications of these findings for future intervention research, and directions for future work.

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Section: Why Study Interactions?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual Research Review: ‘There, the dance is – at the still point of the turning world’ – dynamic systems perspectives on coregulation and dysregulation during early development

Wass,

Greenwood,

Esposito

et al. 2024

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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“…63 If our High OT treatment also activated the AVP system, females may have experienced a heightened HPA-axis activation, and this potential perception of elevated stress might disrupt typical social bonding behaviors. 64 For example, the "tend-and-befriend" theory suggests females may be particularly likely to initiate social interactions when experiencing stress. 65 We similarly observed females spending less time near their parents when treated with OTA.…”

Section: Juvenile Separation Distressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of bond‐related behaviors affects titi monkey responsiveness to oxytocin and vasopressin treatments

Witczak,

Samra,

Dufek

et al. 2024

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Social bonds influence physiology and behavior, which can shape how individuals respond to physical and affective challenges. Coppery titi monkey (Plecturocebus cupreus) offspring form selective bonds with their fathers, making them ideal for investigating how father–daughter bonds influence juveniles’ responses to oxytocin (OT) and arginine‐vasopressin (AVP) manipulations. We quantified the expression of father–daughter bond‐related behaviors in females (n = 10) and gave acute intranasal treatments of saline, low/medium/high OT, low/high AVP, or an OT receptor antagonist (OTA) to subjects prior to a parent preference test. While females spent more time in proximity to their parents than strangers, we found a large degree of individual variation. Females with greater expression of bonding behaviors responded to OT treatments in a dose‐dependent manner. Subjects also spent less time in proximity to strangers when treated with High OT (p = 0.003) and Low OT (p = 0.007), but more time when treated with High AVP (p = 0.007), Low AVP (p = 0.009), and OTA (p = 0.001). Findings from the present study suggest that variation in the expression of bond‐related behaviors may alter responsiveness to OT and AVP, increasing engagement with unfamiliar social others. This enhanced sociality with strangers may promote the formation of pair bonds with partners.

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“…Like any dance, they defined by temporal interdependencies: how the system changes between timex and timex+t is contingent on the state of the system at timex (Bergson, 2007;Cole et al, 2020). And they are relational in essence: the change in partner 1 is contingent not just on the previous state of partner 1, but also on state of partner 2 (Bales et al, 2023;Fogel, 1993;Schneirla, 1946). It is this dance which drives infants' attentional and cognitive development, as it progressively elaborates and unfurls, encompassing levels of explanation that become greater, more varied, and epistemologically more complex over time.…”

Section: Applications Future Directions and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contingency and synchrony: interactional pathways towards attentional control and intentional communication

Wass,

Phillips,

Haresign

et al. 2024

Preprint

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In this article we examine how contingency and synchrony during infant-caregiver interaction helps children to learn to pay attention to objects; and how this, in turn, affects their ability to direct caregivers’ attention, and to track communicative intentions in others. First, we present evidence that, early in life, child-caregiver interactions are asymmetric. Caregivers dynamically and contingently adapt to their child more than the other way around, providing higher-order semantic and contextual cues during attention episodes which facilitate the development of specialised and integrated attentional brain networks in the infant brain. Then, we describe how social contingency also facilitates the child’s development of predictive models; and, through that, goal-directed behaviour. Finally, we discuss how contingency and synchrony of brain and behaviour can drive children's ability to direct their caregivers’ attention voluntarily; and how this, in turn, paves the way for intentional communication.

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Individual differences in social homeostasis

Cited by 5 publications

References 160 publications

Annual Research Review: ‘There, the dance is – at the still point of the turning world’ – dynamic systems perspectives on coregulation and dysregulation during early development

Annual Research Review: ‘There, the dance is – at the still point of the turning world’ – dynamic systems perspectives on coregulation and dysregulation during early development

Expression of bond‐related behaviors affects titi monkey responsiveness to oxytocin and vasopressin treatments

Contingency and synchrony: interactional pathways towards attentional control and intentional communication

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