Individual differences in perceived exertion assessed by two new methods

Marks, Lawrence Ε.; Borg, Gunnar; Ljunggren, Gunilla

doi:10.3758/bf03202957

Cited by 125 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…Participants serve as their own controls reducing variability in slope, position, and shape of the psychophysical functions. Under the assumption that the psychophysical function of one of the modalities is the same in all individuals, it is possible to assess individual differences in the target modality (J. C. Stevens and Marks, 1980;Marks, G. Borg and Ljunggren, 1983;Marks, 1988). This method has, e.g., been used by Bartoshuk to study sensory differences in taste perception between non-tasters, tasters and super-tasters (see, e.g., Bartoshuk, 2000).…”

Section: Joint Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

On perceived exertion and its measurement

Borg¹

2007

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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The general aim of the thesis is to answer questions on general and differential aspects of perceived exertion and on the measurement of its intensity variation. Overall perceived exertion is commonly treated as a unidemensional construct. This thesis also explores its multidimensional character. Four empirical studies are summarized (Study I-IV). Psychophysical power functions of perceived exertion obtained with the new improved Borg CR100 (centiMax) scale were found to be consistent with results obtained with absolute magnitude estimation, and with the classical Borg CR10 and RPE scales. Women gave significantly higher perceived exertion scale values than men for the same levels of workload on a bicycle ergometer. This agrees with the fact that they were physically less strong than men. With regard to the measurement of "absolute" levels of intensity, RPE-and CR-scale values were validated by physiological measurements of heart rate and blood lactate. Predicted values of maximal individual performance obtained from psychophysical functions agreed well with actual maximal performance on the bicycle ergometer. This confirms the validity of the RPE and CR scales for measuring perceptual intensity and their value for interindividual comparisons. To study the multidimensional character of perceived exertion, 18 symptoms were measured with a CR scale: in a questionnaire, and in bicycle ergometer work tests. Five factors were extracted for the questionnaire: (1) Muscles and joints; (2) Perceived exertion; (3) Annoyance/lack of motivation; (4) Head/stomach symptoms; and (5) Cardiopulmonary symptoms. Four factors were extracted for the bicycle max test: (1) Physical distress; (2) Central perceived exertion; (3) Annoyance/lack of motivation; (4) Local perceived exertion. The questionnaire is suggested for clinical use to let patients express a variety of symptoms. The thesis also resulted in improvements of the Borg CR100 scale. An extended use of the scale is recommended.

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Section: Joint Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

On perceived exertion and its measurement

Borg¹

2007

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…The scale ranged from 'nothing at all' to 'maximal'. Other labels were spaced nearly linearly, whereas the scale from 0.1 to 10 was logarithmic (26). At each test subjects were shown a new scale for each of the studied variables and were asked to select the appropriate magnitude of the sensation.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analgesic and Nonanalgesic Effects of Intravenous Hydromorphone ‐ Relation to Plasma Concentrations in Healthy Volunteers

Westerling¹,

Björk²,

Svedman³

et al. 1996

Pain Research and Management

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Analgesic and nonanalgesic effects ofintravenous hydromorphone -Relation to plasma concentrations in healthy volunteers. Pain Res Manage 1996;1(2):86-92.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the analgesic and nonanalgesic effects and the pharmacokinetics of an intravenous infusion of 2 mg hydromorphone over 20 mins. DESIGN: Open study. SUBJECTS: Twelve healthy volunteers. MEASUREMENTS: The analgesic effect of hydromorphone was evaluated serially using pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) measured on the third fingers and toes. The nonanalgesic effects of hydromorphone were measured as miosis, decrease of saliva production and central nervous effects such as euphoria/dysphoria, nausea, headache, fatigue and feeling of heaviness. Plasma concentration of hydromorphone was measured using high performance liquid chromatography. RES UL TS: PPTs were significantly increased compared with baseline levels for up to 2 h after the infusion of hydromorphone. Significant miosis and reduction of saliva production were registered up to 6 h after drug administration. Fatigue and heaviness were reported by all subjects. In the studied opioid-naive subjects, the hydromorphone-induced analgesic effect was of shorter duration than the studied nonanalgesic effects. The terminal elimination half-life of hydromorphone was 1.87±0.4 h (± SD) (95% CI 1.61 to 2.13), systemic clearance was 1.81±0.25 L/min (95% CI 1.65 to 1.97) and volume of distribution was 4.15±0.86 L/kg (95% CI 3.6 to 4.71). CONCLUSION: Analgesia and nonanalgesic effects appear to be well correlated with the plasma concentrations of the hydromorphone. MESURES : L' effet analgesique de l 'hydromorphone a ete evalue en series en utilisant les seuils de la douleur a la pression mesures sur le majeur et le gros orteil. Les effets non analgesiques de l 'hydromorphone ont ete mesures en tant que myosis, diminution de la production de salive et effets du systeme nerveux central tels I' euphorie ou la dysphorie, la nausee, les cephalees, la fatigue et la sensation de lourdeur. La concentration plasmatique d'hydromorphone a ete mesuree par chromatographie haute performance. RESULT A TS : Les seuils de la douleur a la pression augmentaient considerablement comparativement aux valeurs de base jusqu'a deux heures apres la perfusion d 'hydromorphone. Un myosis important ainsi qu'une diminution de la production de salive ont ete enregistres jusqu'a 6 h apres !'administration du medicament. La fatigue et la sensation de lourdeur ont ete rapportees par tous les sujets. Dans le groupe etudie de sujets naifs a l'opio"ide, l'effet analgesique induit par l'hydromorphone persistait moins longtemps que les effets non analgesiques etudies. La demi-vie d'elimination finale de l'hydromorphone etait de 1,87±0,4 h (±ecart-type) (IC 95 % 1,61-2,13), la clairance systemique etait de 1,81 ±0,25 L/minute (IC 95 % 1,65-1,97) et le volume de distribution de 4,15±0,86 L/kg (IC 95 % 3,71). CONCLUSION: L'analgesie et les effets non analgesiques semblent correler avec les concentrations plasmatiques de l'hydromorphone.

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“…It is easier to test whether maximum subjective range is constant over perceptual continua (since these comparisons are made within a single central nervous system) than to test whether maximum subjective range is constant over individuals (Borg, 1962), since there is no single response system that can be known to be constant for different observers. It is possible that newer psychophysical methods, such as category-ratio judgments and magnitude matching (Marks, Borg, & Ljunggren, 1983), may help to clarify these matters.…”

Section: The Relationship Between Physical Range and Exponentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The detectability, discriminability, and perceived magnitude of painful electrical shock

Rollman

Harris

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

109

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Thresholds for sensation, pain, and tolerance were obtained from 20 male and 20 female observers who received trains of electrical pulses applied to the volar forearm. Also determined were estimates of sensory magnitude for a series of stimuli that spanned the pain sensitivity range (PSR) between pain threshold and tolerance, as well as Weber fractions for the discrimination of stimuli at the midpoint of the PSR. There were great individual differences in all dependent variables. Females had significantly lower values for all thresholds but did not differ from males in the growth of sensory magnitude or in discriminatory capacity. Power functions, with a median exponent of 1.74 and a mean of 2.39, fit the scaling data well. The results are analyzed for a suggested negative correlation between exponent and stimulus range. The presence of such an effect indicates that electrocutaneous stimulation provides a powerful technique for the analysis of individual differences and the evaluation of psychophysical theories.Electrical stimulation of the skin provides a useful induction method for laboratory studies of pain (Procacci, Della Corte, et al., 1974;Rollman, 1983a; Smith & Andrew, 1970): it is readily graded in intensity, can be turned on and off instantaneously, and produces no lasting physical damage.Past research has typically demonstrated that the subjective magnitudes of the sensations produced by electrical pulses can be related to their current or voltage by a power function with an exponent greater than unity, indicating that the perceived intensity grows at a rate faster than the physical one. The reported value of the exponent of the power function has varied considerably, from near 1.0 to beyond 3.0 (e.g., Algom, Raphaeli, & Cohen- Raz, 1986; Babkoff, 1976 Babkoff, , 1978 Beck & Rosner, 1968;Bevan, 1966;Bromm & Treede, 1980; Bujas, Szabo, Kovacic, & Rohacek, 1975; Ekman, Frankenhaeuser, Levander, & Mellis, 1964Hawkes, 1960; McCallum & Goldberg, 1975;Sachs, Miller, & Grant, 1980;Sternbach & Tursky, 1964;Stevens, Carton, & Shickman, 1958;Tashiro & Higashiyama, 1981). These differences can be ascribed, in part, to the effects of stimulus parameters and correction of the power function for threshold (Rollman, 1974), to the nature and scaling of the physical stimulus (Myers, 1982), to the painfulness of the presentations (Jones, 1980), and to regression and range effects (Cross, Tursky, & Lodge, 1975).Although electrical shocks can be painful, most of the studies cited above determined power functions at levels that were weak enough for the sensation to be described as being tactile rather than nociceptive. Although there This research was supported by Grant AO-392 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to the senior author. Requests for reprints should be sent to Gary B. Rollman, Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada.have been attempts to obtain psychophysical functions for intense stimuli in several modalities (e.g

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Individual differences in perceived exertion assessed by two new methods

Cited by 125 publications

References 13 publications

On perceived exertion and its measurement

On perceived exertion and its measurement

Analgesic and Nonanalgesic Effects of Intravenous Hydromorphone ‐ Relation to Plasma Concentrations in Healthy Volunteers

The detectability, discriminability, and perceived magnitude of painful electrical shock

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