Individual differences in mental activity at sleep onset.

Foulkes, David; Spear, Paul S.; Symonds, John D.

doi:10.1037/h0023581

Cited by 104 publications

(76 citation statements)

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“…While some reports of sleep-onset mentation are fleeting progressions of visual imagery or dissociated images and thoughts, many are well organized and contain bizarre elements similar to those seen in rapid eye movement (REM)-sleep reports (Foulkes & Vogel, 1965). The extent to which such mentation is similar to or different from classic REM-sleep dreaming and even non-REM mentation has long been debated (e.g., Cicogna, Cavallero, & Bosinelli, 1991;Foulkes, 1993;Foulkes & Schmidt, 1983;Foulkes, Spear, & Symonds, 1966;Moffitt, 1995 collect over 1000 reports from 11 subjects during sleep onset. The characteristics of these reports, collected before and during the first 5 min of sleep, are presented below.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Eyelid Movements and Mental Activity at Sleep Onset

Rowley

Stickgold

Hobson

1998

Consciousness and Cognition

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Eyelid Movements and Mental Activity at Sleep Onset

Rowley

Stickgold

Hobson

1998

Consciousness and Cognition

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“…Linguistic analysis thus indicates quantitative differences in reports of REM sleep, at a time where it is still being debated how far REM sleep mentation is phenomenologically different from the states of sleep onset and non-REM sleep (Casagrande et al, 1996;Foulkes, 1966Foulkes, , 1993Hobson, 2009). The proposed tool could also help us to further differentiate between abnormal sleep states and explore how far lucid dreaming is a gradual phenomenon rather than a dichotomy (Hobson, 2009).…”

Section: Other Hallucinatory States and Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Measure of Hallucinatory States and a Discussion of REM Sleep Dreaming as a Virtual Laboratory for the Rehearsal of Embodied Cognition

Speth

Speth²

2017

Cognitive Science

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Hallucinatory states are experienced not only in connection with drugs and psychopathologies but occur naturally and spontaneously across the human circadian cycle: Our nightly dreams bring multimodal experiences in the absence of adequate external stimuli. The current study proposes a new, tighter measure of these hallucinatory states: Sleep onset, REM sleep, and non-REM sleep are shown to differ with regard to (a) motor imagery indicating interactions with a rich imaginative world, and (b) cognitive agency that could enable sleepers to recognize their hallucinatory state. Mentation reports from the different states were analysed quantitatively with regard to two grammatical-semantic constructs, motor agency and cognitive agency. The present results support earlier physiological and psychological evidence in revealing a decline in cognitive functions and an increase in simulated interactions with a hallucinatory world, en route to normal REM sleep. This leads us to introduce the hypothesis that REM sleep, which exhibits remarkably high levels of (simulated) sensorimotor processes, may have evolved to serve as a virtual laboratory for the development and rehearsal of embodied cognition. The new measure of hallucinatory states presented here may also hold implications for the study of executive functions and (meta-)cognitions, which might be interesting, for example, for the investigation of lucid dreaming.

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“…Subject 18 often described happiness in daytime experiences but never in dreams. The fact that significant results of these kind appeared for only two subjects may well reflect findings previosly cited (Starker, 1973(Starker, , 1974Cohen, 1974;Fisher and Greenberg, 1977;Foulkes & Rechtschaffen, 1964;Foulkes et al, 1966;Vogel et al, 1966;Vogel, 1978) not at all a little moderately _ _ extremely 12. If there is anything else you would like to tell me about your dreams and/or dream.~ng habits, please feel free to do so here:…”

Section: Conclusion 63mentioning

confidence: 79%

“…To achieve a more homogeneous sample, all subjects were female. Since mentation across the dreaming and waking states may vary in consonance with individual personality structure (Foulkes & Rechtschaffen, 1964;Foulkes et al, 1966;Vogel et al, 1966;Starker, 1973Starker, , 1974Starker, , 1977Cohen, 1974;Fisher & Greenberg, 1977;Vogel, 1978) subjects served as their own controls.…”

Section: Chapter VI Summary Of Chapters I Through Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of measures of emotions from written reports of dreams and waking experiences

Conklin¹

2000

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In this study nine female university students wrote about their waking experiences for the four hour period prior to going to sleep during a two week period. On alternate mornings, these subjects either redescribed the prior evening's events or described any dreams they remembered. The procedures and formats for the evening and morning reports were as nearly equivalent as practical considerations allow.Two judges scored all reports for five classes of emotions defined by Hall and Van de Castle (1966). Interrater agreement was weak. The respective judges seemed to employ more or less stringent standards in identifying emotions. This fact notwithstanding, the ultimate findings, based on each judge's independent scores, point to the same conclusion.The results seem to contradict assertions that dreams exhibit fewer or more dysphoric emotions. Overall, reports of waking experiences and dreams contained the same frequencies and qualities Van de Castle, 1966;Snyder, 1970;Hartshorn, Corriere, Karle, Switzer, Hart, Gold, & Binder, 1977) and more unpleasant emotions (Calkins, 1893; Weed & Hallam, 1896;Bentley, 1915; Hall & Van de Castle, 1966;Snyder, 1970;Kramer, Winget, & Whitman, 1971) than they expected. These observations might imply that dream reports contain less emotions and more dysphoric emotions than would reports of waking experiences. However, the studies cited did not evaluate waking reports.In this project five classes of emotions were scored for similar reports of dreams and waking experiences, and these measures were compared to see if they are different. In general, the results are inconsistent with the implications suggested above.As pref ace to describing the present research, the relationship between dreams and waking experience and some relevant additional empirical findings about dreaming and waking emotions are discussed.Theories of emotions and certain constraints which sleep physiology might impose on dream emotions are considered. Finally, methodological issues are identified. CHAPTER II THE COMPARISON OF DREAMS AND WAKING EXPERIENCE ASSUMPTION OF WAKING EXPERIENCE AS A BASELINEThe assumption of waking experience as "given" and as a baseline against which to compare dreams influences conceptualization of dreams and probably dream research. In this perspective, memories from sleep may be described as more bizarre, hallucinatory, symbolic, and less rational than waking experiences. The reasoning behind this assumption is usually tacit and merits examination. Maybe we employ wakeful experience as a baseline because it seems more "normal," is more easily remembered (see Domhoff, 1969;Cohen, 1974), or we feel that we understand it better. It could be that we do not use sleeping experience as a baseline because we almost always make comparisons of the two states when we are awake; were we to evaluate waking experience when asleep, that state might seem the more normal. In any event a point made by Foulkes and Fleisher (1975) is critical:[The] baseline properties of waking thought can no longer be ...

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Individual differences in mental activity at sleep onset.

Cited by 104 publications

References 5 publications

Eyelid Movements and Mental Activity at Sleep Onset

Eyelid Movements and Mental Activity at Sleep Onset

A New Measure of Hallucinatory States and a Discussion of REM Sleep Dreaming as a Virtual Laboratory for the Rehearsal of Embodied Cognition

A comparison of measures of emotions from written reports of dreams and waking experiences

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