Individual Differences in Delay Discounting

Shamosh, Noah A.; DeYoung, Colin G.; Green, Adam E.; Reis, Deidre L.; Johnson, Matthew; Conway, Andrew R. A.; Engle, Randall W.; Braver, Todd S.; Gray, Jeremy R.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02175.x

Cited by 392 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Thus, this task examines several of the characteristics that have been used to describe the working memory system. Moreover, updating tasks, such as the n-back procedure, are moderately (r=0.55) (Shamosh et al 2008) to highly correlated (r=0.96) (Schmiedek et al 2009) with span tasks, and both types of tasks successfully predict reasoning abilities (Schmiedek et al 2009). Nevertheless, see Kane et al (2007) for contradicting results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The decline of verbal and visuospatial working memory across the adult life span

Cansino

Hernández-Ramos

Estrada-Manilla

et al. 2013

AGE

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It has been well established that working memory abilities decrease with advancing age; however, the specific time point in the adult life span at which this deficit begins and the rate at which it advances are still controversial. There is no agreement on whether working memory declines equally for visuospatial and verbal information, and the literature disagrees on how task difficulty may influence this decay. We addressed these questions in a lifespan sample of 1,500 participants between 21 and 80 years old. The n-back task was used, with letters and circles presented at different positions around an imaginary circle, to evaluate working memory in the verbal and visuospatial domains, respectively. The participants' task was to judge whether the current stimulus matched a stimulus that was shown n trials prior. Both domains were evaluated in two levels of difficulty: 1-back and 2-back. The comparison across decades showed that discrimination in the visuospatial and 1-back tasks started to decline earlier in women than in men; however, discrimination was equal between the sexes in the verbal and 2-back tasks. Performance on tasks in the visuospatial domain exhibited more pronounced decline than in those in the verbal domain. The rate of decline in working memory accuracy was superior in 2-back tasks than in 1-back tasks, independent of the domain. These results revealed that the effects of aging on working memory are less dependent on the type of information and more reliant on the resources demanded by the task.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The decline of verbal and visuospatial working memory across the adult life span

Cansino

Hernández-Ramos

Estrada-Manilla

et al. 2013

AGE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…An example of work at the computational level would be investigations that attempt to document the existence of unconscious cognitive biases that emerge during the financial decision making process, such as the overconfidence effect (Sieck & Yates, 2001) and delay discounting (Shamosh et al, 2008). Research at the third (and most basic) level of analysis examines the biological basis of financial and economic decisions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of retirement worry on information processing.

Gutierrez¹,

Hershey²

2013

Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics

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Clinically anxious individuals have been shown to process psychologically threatening words (e.g., worry) more slowly than words that are unrelated to their disorder (e.g., hammer). In the present investigation, working adults (N ϭ 87) with different levels of financially linked retirement anxiety were investigated using the Emotional Stroop Task (EST). The EST involves presenting financially relevant retirement threat words (e.g., poverty) on a computer screen in addition to nonretirement neutral words (e.g., sailboat). Words were presented individually in 1 of 4 different colors of ink. Respondents' task was to identify the ink color for each word as rapidly as possible. It was hypothesized that individuals with high levels of retirement anxiety would generate slower response latencies when naming the color of retirement threat words relative to neutral words. No such processing delay was predicted for nonanxious participants. ANOVA findings revealed a 2-way interaction that was consistent with a priori predictions. The data suggest working adults with retirement anxiety experienced information processing disruptions that stem from the negative emotional content linked to retirement concepts in long-term memory. From an applied perspective, these processing disruptions may represent a significant obstacle that needs to be surmounted when encouraging individuals with retirement anxiety to plan and save for the future.

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“…Promoting mental simulations of future outcomes by cueing participants with episodes in their lives corresponding to the timing of the options decreases measured discount rates (Peters and Büchel, 2010). Higher working memory capacity is associated with both lower discounting (Shamosh et al, 2008), and an increased emphasis on model-based control (Eppinger et al, 2013), while working memory training in substance misusers has been found to decrease their delay discounting (Bickel et al, 2011b).…”

Section: The Cost Of Thinking In Economic Poverty Borderline Personamentioning

confidence: 99%