“…Associative learning is the ability to acquire a link between two or more stimuli, such that the presentation of one stimulus can activate or inhibit the expectation of another. Associative learning is thought to underlie a range of memory and learning capacities, including Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning (Bouton, 1994; Colwill & Rescorla, 1986; Wasserman & Miller, 1997), as well as more general aspects of human performance, such as instrumental or agentic control (Byrom, Msetfi, & Murphy, 2015; Msetfi, Murphy, Simpson, & Kornbrot, 2005), spatial navigation (Buckley, Smith, & Haselgrove, 2015; Pearce, 2009), motivational systems (e.g., appetite; Brunstrom, 2007), as well as response systems related to pathology, such as fear responses to threat (Arnaudova et al, 2013; Duits et al, 2015; Lissek et al, 2009), chemotherapy-induced anticipatory nausea (Hall, Stockhorst, Enck, & Klosterhalfen, 2016; Rodríguez, 2013), and the development and maintenance of substance addiction (Everitt & Robbins, 2016; Hogarth, Balleine, Corbit, & Killcross, 2013; Hogarth & Chase, 2012; Torres et al, 2013). Across all of these phenomena, experimental work suggests that individuals differ in their associative learning (e.g., Murphy & Msetfi, 2014).…”