Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Characteristics Associated with Support of In-Pharmacy Vaccination among ESAP-Registered Pharmacies: Pharmacists’ Role in Reducing Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Influenza Vaccinations in New York City

Crawford, Natalie D.; Blaney, Shannon; Amesty, Silvia; Rivera, Alexis V.; Turner, Alezandria K.; Ompad, Danielle C.; Fuller, Crystal M.

doi:10.1007/s11524-010-9541-6

Cited by 40 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…2,38,43 Factors such as participation in other public health services like HIV testing and needle exchange, and perceived benefit of PBIS were predictors of in-pharmacy immunization service adoption. 50,55,56,58,59 These factors were also associated with the decision to either outsource immunization services to other health professionals or implement inpharmacy services. 46,47 A multi-state survey indicated that a high percentage of pharmacies either lacked interest in or information about how to implement pharmacist-delivered immunization services.…”

Section: Feasibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Community pharmacies as sites of adult vaccination: A systematic review

Burson

Buttenheim

Armstrong

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

131

115

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Vaccine-preventable deaths among adults remain a major public health concern, despite continued efforts to increase vaccination rates in this population. Alternative approaches to immunization delivery may help address under-vaccination among adults. This systematic review assesses the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of community pharmacies as sites for adult vaccination. We searched 5 electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane, LILACS) for studies published prior to June 2016 and identified 47 relevant articles. We found that pharmacy-based immunization services (PBIS) have been facilitated by state regulatory changes and training programs that allow pharmacists to directly provide vaccinations. These services are widely accepted by both patients and pharmacy staff, and are capable of improving access and increasing vaccination rates. However, political and organizational barriers limit the feasibility and effectiveness of vaccine delivery in pharmacies. These studies provide evidence to inform policy and organizational efforts that promote the efficacy and sustainability of PBIS.

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Section: Feasibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Community pharmacies as sites of adult vaccination: A systematic review

Burson

Buttenheim

Armstrong

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

131

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…8 Evidence in the medical literature suggests that pharmacies have the capacity to influence previously difficult-to-reach populations, including the medically underserved. [9][10][11][12][13] Pharmacies may be especially effective in immunizing high-risk older adults, who are more likely to use pharmacy services for prescription medication than the general population.…”

Section: Vaccinat Ions Dur Ing O F F -Cl Inic Hour Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccinations Administered During Off-Clinic Hours at a National Community Pharmacy: Implications for Increasing Patient Access and Convenience

Goad

Taitel

Fensterheim

et al. 2013

The Annals of Family Medicine

152

123

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PURPOSE Approximately 50,000 adults die annually from vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. Most traditional vaccine providers (eg, physician offices) administer vaccinations during standard clinic hours, but community pharmacies offer expanded hours that allow patients to be vaccinated at convenient times. We analyzed the types of vaccines administered and patient populations vaccinated during off-clinic hours in a national community pharmacy, and their implications for vaccination access and convenience. METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed data for all vaccinations given at the Walgreens pharmacy chain between August 2011 and July 2012. The time of vaccination was categorized as occurring during traditional hours (9:00 am-6:00 pm weekdays) or off-clinic hours, consisting of weekday evenings, weekends, and federal holidays. We compared demographic characteristics and types of vaccine. We used a logistic regression model to identify predictors of being vaccinated during off-clinic hours.RESULTS During the study period, pharmacists administered 6,250,402 vaccinations, of which 30.5% were provided during off-clinic hours: 17.4% were provided on weekends, 10.2% on evenings, and 2.9% on holidays. Patients had significantly higher odds of off-clinic vaccination if they were younger than 65 years of age, were male, resided in an urban area, and did not have any chronic conditions.CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of adults being vaccinated receive their vaccines during evening, weekend, and holiday hours at the pharmacy, when traditional vaccine providers are likely unavailable. Younger, working-aged, healthy adults, in particular, accessed a variety of immunizations during off-clinic hours. With the low rates of adult and adolescent vaccination in the United States, community pharmacies are creating new opportunities for vaccination that expand access and convenience.

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“…2 As pharmacy practice evolves, pharmacists continue to garner more respect for their knowledge and are receiving more opportunities to provide patient care as part of an integrated health care team. 3,4 At many institutions, the clinical pharmacist has emerged as a vital member of the health care team. Clinical pharmacy services are a mainstay of hospital and managed care pharmacy, and these services have shown benefits in reducing medication errors, decreasing health costs and improving patient care.…”

Section: ■■ Breaking Down Barriers To Advanced Pharmacy Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6 In addition, immunizations have become a standard of practice in pharmacies across the nation. 3,4 The 2011 report from the U.S. Surgeon General describes new initiatives in patient care that are breaking ground across the country.…”

Section: ■■ Breaking Down Barriers To Advanced Pharmacy Practicementioning

confidence: 99%