Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations

Bettelheim, Bruno

doi:10.1515/9783110968729.1186

Cited by 196 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Beginning with Freud (as cited in Brill, 1938) in psychology and Cooley (1956) and Mead (1934) in sociology, treatises on the experience of oppression have depicted a fairly standard sequence of events: Through long exposure to negative stereotypes about their group, members of prejudiced-against groups often internalize the stereotypes, and the resulting sense of inadequacy becomes part of their personality (e,g., Allport, 1954;Bettelheim, 1943;Clark, 1965;Grief & Coobs, 1968;Erikson, 1956;Fanon, 1952Fanon, /1967Kardiner & Ovesey, 1951;Lewin, 1941).…”

Section: $~Reo~ Fhreat Beyond These Threats Waitingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A troubling implication of the earlier mentioned internalization models (e.g., Allport, 1954;Bettelheim, 1943;Clark, 1965;Grier & Coobs, 1968;Erikson, 1956;Fan0n, 1952Fan0n, /1967Kardiner & Ovesey, 1951) is that negative stereotypes about one's group eventually become internalized and cause rejection of one's own group, even of oneself--self-hating preferences. The famous finding of Clark and Clark (1939) that Black children preferred White dolls over Black dolls has been interpreted this way.…”

Section: Selbreie¢iion or S E L B P R E~n T O~ ?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.

Steele¹

1997

American Psychologist

4,740

139

4,676

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Section: $~Reo~ Fhreat Beyond These Threats Waitingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selbreie¢iion or S E L B P R E~n T O~ ?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.

Steele¹

1997

American Psychologist

4,740

139

4,676

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“…A further extension of this concept was offered by Bettelheim (1943), who used the concept of identification in his description of coping mechanisms used by concentration camp inmates. In his writing, he discussed identification with the aggressor, in which prisoners use identification as a survival mechanism.…”

Section: Identification Imagination and Consciousnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining Identification: A Theoretical Look at the Identification of Audiences With Media Characters

Cohen

2001

Mass Communication and Society

1,377

903

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In this article I argue that although the notion of identification with media characters is widely discussed in media research, it has not been carefully conceptualized or rigorously tested in empirical audience studies. This study presents a theoretical discussion of identification, including a definition of identification and a discussion of the consequences of identification with media characters for the development of identity and socialization processes. It is suggested that a useful distinction can be made between identification and other types of reactions that media audiences have to media characters. A critical look at media research involving identification exposes the inherent conceptual problems in this research and leads to hypotheses regarding the antecedents and consequences of identification with media characters. The importance of a theory of identification to media research and communication research, more broadly, is presented.

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“…The idea of minimizing the sting of belonging to a group that is devalued by derogating other members of the group is an old one that has been discussed by Lewin (1941), Bettelheim (1943), Child (1943, and Allport (1954), among others. Allport discussed it in the context of intropunitive ego defenses resulting from being a target of prejudice and suggested that it may help the individual identify with the majority group and deflect blame for the negative image of one's group onto in-group members other than oneself.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

To belong or not to belong, that is the question: Terror management and identification with gender and ethnicity.

Arndt¹,

Greenberg²,

Schimel

et al. 2002

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

165

148

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The terror management prediction that reminders of death motivate in-group identification assumes people view their identifications positively. However, when the in-group is framed negatively, mortality salience should lead to disidentification. Study 1 found that mortality salience increased women's perceived similarity to other women except under gender-based stereotype threat. In Study 2, mortality salience and a negative ethnic prime led Hispanic as well as Anglo participants to derogate paintings attributed to Hispanic (but not Anglo-American) artists. Study 3 added a neutral prime condition and used a more direct measure of psychological distancing. Mortality salience and the negative prime led Hispanic participants to view themselves as especially different from a fellow Hispanic. Implications for understanding in-group derogation and disidentification are briefly discussed. Terror Management Theory and ResearchDerived in large part from the work of Ernest Becker (e.g., 1973), TMT posits that advanced cognitive abilities to think abstractly and symbolically led to the uniquely human awareness of the fragility of existence and the inevitability of one's own mor-

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Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations

Cited by 196 publications

References 0 publications

A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.

A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.

Defining Identification: A Theoretical Look at the Identification of Audiences With Media Characters

To belong or not to belong, that is the question: Terror management and identification with gender and ethnicity.

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