Individual and Contextual Factors of Happiness and Life Satisfaction in a Low Middle Income Country

Abstract

Understanding individual and contextual factors of happiness and life satisfaction in a lowand middle-income country setting are important in the study of subjective well-being. This study aims to examine individual and contextual factors of happiness and life satisfaction in one of the happiest countries in the world: Indonesia. Data comes from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 2014 (N individual = 31,403; N household = 15,160; N district = 297). Results from a three-level ordered logit model show that factors of happiness and life satisfaction are beyond individual factors. Happiness and life satisfaction are also strongly associated with factors within an individual's household and at the district government level. Individuals living in households with better economic welfare are happier and more satisfy. Poor health and unemployment have a detrimental effect on happiness and life satisfaction. Individuals living in districts whose governments' better deliver public services are happier and more satisfy. In contrast, those living in areas with conflict and violence is less happy and satisfy. Individual religiosity and community social capital in the form of indigenous tradition benefit individual happiness and life satisfaction.

Marital Status and Subjective Well-Being: Does Education Level Take Into Account?

“…Further, the findings have revealed that males are less satisfied than females. This confirms the one carried out by Sujarwoto et al (2017), which has found that men are less satisfied than women. It is also the same direction as Graham & Soumya's (2012) study which discovered that generally those females are satisfied compared to males in the world.…”

“…This has been emphasized by (Deneve, 1999;Diener et al, 1999;Veenhoven, 2016)'s studies which revealed that extraverted people are less depressed, and they express more their thankfulness than neurotic people. Finally, the findings of the current research replicate the one carried out by Sujarwoto et al (2017), which have shown that extraversion personality trait is significantly connected to life satisfaction and happiness. In sum, it is to say that extraversion personality traits, especially is greater correlates with both happiness and life satisfaction, which means that it affects people's way of reacting towards events that happen to their daily life.…”

“…Different studies argued that generally married individuals are intended to be happier than unmarried people (Anusic et al, 2014;Greenstein, 2016;Richmond & Roehner, 2017;Robards et al, 2012;Sujarwoto et al, 2017;Veenhoven, 2006;Yap et al, 2012), but women seem to have an extreme degree of subjective wellbeing than men (Greenstein, 2016;Veenhoven, 2015). The people who are married are said to be happy and satisfied with life rather than unmarried people.…”

“…Following western phenomenon of singlehood in western society and some as Asian countries, in Indonesia also the problem is not new, as it was revealed by (Robards, Evandrou, Falkingham, & Vlachantoni, 2012;Greenstein, 2016;Richmond & Roehner, 2016;Sujarwoto, Tampubolon, & Pierewan, 2017;Rosifah, Nuryakin, & Handalusia, 2019). Based on the relationship of those three variables, this study examined the association between marital status and subjective wellbeing, and how educational level can take into account.…”

The associations among smartphone addiction, general belongingness and happiness: A structural equation modelling (tur)

“…Ancak bu pozitif duygular rastgele değildir ve mutluluk pozitif duyguların deneyimlenmesi ile başarı kazanır (12). Mutluluk ile ilgili yapılan araştırmalar incelendiğinde bu kavramın alanyazında yaşam doyumu (13,14), yalnızlık (15), şemalar (16,17) ve depresyon (18) gibi birçok kavramla çalışıldığı görülmektedir.…”