Individual and community-level determinants of childhood vaccination in Ethiopia

Abstract

Background Vaccines are one of our most important tools for preventing outbreaks and keeping the world safe. Most unvaccinated children live in the poorest countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinants of vaccination coverage among children aged12–23 months in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional secondary data were obtained from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data (EDHS). A total of 1929 children were included. A Multilevel Proportional Odds Model was used to identify the individual and community-level factors associated with child vaccination. Result Among 1, 929 children, only 48.6% (95% CI: 46.3 to 50.8%) were fully vaccinated while 37.8% (95% CI: 35.7 to 40.1%) were partially vaccinated.. The multilevel ordinal logistic regression model reveled that housewife mother (AOR =1.522, 95%CI: 1.139, 2.034), institutional delivery (AOR =2.345, 95%CI: 1.766, 3.114),four or above antenatal care visits (AOR = 2.657; 95% CI: 1.906, 3.704), children of mothers with secondary or higher education (AOR = 2.008; 95% CI: 1.209, 3.334),Children whose fathers primary education (AOR = 1.596; 95% CI: 1.215, 2.096), from the rich households (AOR = 1.679; 95% CI: 1.233, 2.287) were significantly associated with childhood vaccination. Conclusion Child vaccination coverage in Ethiopia remains low. Therefore, there is a need to increase child vaccination coverage by promoting institutional delivery and prenatal care visits, as well as maternal tetanus immunization. Besides, public initiatives needed to improve child vaccination coverage, women’s and husband’s education, poor women, and further advancement of health care services for poor women, housewife women, women living in remote areas should be made to maintain further improvements in child vaccination. Furthermore, policies and programs aimed at addressing cluster variations in child vaccination need to be formulated and their implementation must be strongly pursued.

Factors Associated with Non-and Incomplete Vaccination Among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Gindhir Rural District, Southeast Ethiopia: A Multinomial Analysis

“…The current study found that children who were born at home were more likely to be non- and incompletely vaccinated than fully vaccinated compared to those who were born in a hospital. This result is in line with studies conducted earlier (17,20,21) , which reported being delivered in the family /home increases the risk of incomplete and non-vaccination. Mothers giving birth in hospitals receive crucial vaccination counselling, while those choosing home birth often have no such access, leaving parents uninformed about critical immunizations (22) .…”

“…In the meantime, considerable proportions (20.2%) of children never received any of these basic vaccines. These findings are comparable with the findings of studies previously conducted elsewhere (7,9,15,17,18) . This low coverage indicates that there is a gap in addressing all children in every district with routine childhood vaccination and challenges to achieve high vaccination coverage remain.…”

Determinants of pneumococcal vaccination dropout among children aged 12–23 months in Ethiopia: a secondary analysis from the 2019 mini demographic and health survey

“…The odds of PCV dropout were higher in children of respondents who reside in emerging regions as compared to those who live in city administrations. In line with what we found, a number of studies showed that region has a significant association with children’s vaccination status ( 25 , 27 , 28 , 42 , 43 ). This could be because most respondents from emerging regions are from remote, hard-to-reach areas, and mothers there are less aware of the advantages of receiving all recommended vaccinations, EPI sessions, and health services.…”

Vaccination Coverage and Predictors of Vaccination Among Children Aged 12-23 Months in the Pastoralist Communities of Ethiopia: A Mixed Methods Design

“…Mothers' and caretakers' educational status was found to be significantly associated with full vaccination status, as mothers and caretakers who had attended formal education were almost four times more likely to vaccinate their children than those who did not attend formal education. This finding was consistent with other studies performed in other areas of the country [7,11,18]. The findings suggest that complete immunization was more common in children whose mothers were educated, partly because maternal education leads to the acquisition of literacy skills that can be applied to knowledge of vaccination and child protection and better health-seeking behaviours, which then improves immunization uptake for their children.…”