Individual and Combined Effects of Fumonisin B1, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on the Hepatic and Renal Membrane Lipid Integrity of Rats

Abstract

(1) Background and (2) Methods: A 14-day in vivo, multitoxic (pure mycotoxins) rat experiment was conducted with zearalenone (ZEA; 15 μg/animal/day), deoxynivalenol (DON; 30 μg/animal/day) and fumonisin B1 (FB1; 150 μg/animal/day), as individual mycotoxins, binary (FD, FZ and DZ) and ternary combinations (FDZ), via gavage in 1 mL water boluses. (3) Results: Body weight was unaffected, while liver (ZEA↑ vs. DON) and kidney weight (ZEA↑ vs. FDZ) increased. Hepatocellular membrane lipid fatty acids (FAs) referred to ceramide synthesis disturbance (C20:0, C22:0), and decreased unsaturation (C22:5 n3 and unsat. index), mainly induced by DON and to a lesser extent by ZEA. The DON-FB1 interaction was additive on C20:0 in liver lipids. In renal phospholipids, ZEA had the strongest effect on the FA profile, affecting the saturated (C18:0) and many n6 FAs; ZEA was in an antagonistic relationship with FB1 (C18:0) or DON (C18:2 n6, C20:1 n9). Hepatic oxidative stress was the most expressed in FD (reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase), while the nephrotoxic effect was further supported by lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in the DON treatment. (4) Conclusions: In vivo study results refer to multiple mycotoxin interactions on membrane FAs, antioxidants and lipid peroxidation compounds, needing further testing.

Chronic ingestion of deoxynivalenol‐contaminated diet dose‐dependently decreases the area of myenteric neurons and gliocytes of rats

“…The level of contamination with DON without observable adverse effects (NOAEL) for rodents was estimated as 0.1‐0.15 mg kg −1 bodyweight per day, a range that encompasses the highest daily doses (0.141 and 0.157 mg kg −1 bodyweight per day) actually ingested by the animals of the present study. Similar results were found in a study with rats exposed to 0.03 mg kg −1 bodyweight per day of DON for 14 days, in which food ingestion and bodyweight gain did not change . Swine are considered the most sensitive animals to DON exposure; however, when they chronically ingest a diet contaminated with DON, at concentrations close to those used in this work, they do not exhibit changes in bodyweight gain .…”

Interaction between the three frequently co‐occurringFusariummycotoxins in rats

“…This led to the conclusion that oxidative stress is an initiating event and one of the main pathways of ZEN toxicity (Hassen, Ayed‐Boussema, Oscoz, Cerain Lopez, & Bacha, ). It has also been confirmed in our previous study that ZEN is the main of the applied three toxins in influencing the glutathione redox system, evoking even the enzymatic defence, as GSH has been increased by ZEN and all binary and the ternary combinations (Szabó et al, ).…”

“…In lower (but comparing to what we used much higher) concentra- 2007). It has also been confirmed in our previous study that ZEN is the main of the applied three toxins in influencing the glutathione redox system, evoking even the enzymatic defence, as GSH has been increased by ZEN and all binary and the ternary combinations (Szabó et al, 2018). Gelderblom, 1998).…”

“…In our previous rat study (Szabó et al, 2018) where higher doses were administered by gavage over a 14-day period, no significant differences were observed in the final body weight, daily and the total cumulative feed intake between the same groups as in our current study.…”

“…Several surveys based on monitoring food and feed contamination (Lee & Ryu, 2017;Sartori, Moraes, Santos, Souza, & Nobrega, 2017;Schatzmayr & Streit, 2013) or biomarker approach (Gerding, Cramer, & Humpf, 2014;Heyndrickx et al, 2015) indicate that humans and animals are continuously exposed to combinations of mycotoxins in different concentrations. Although FB 1 , DON and ZEN Fusarium mycotoxins co-occur and have important animal and human health consequences, only a small number of studies have investigated their interaction in animals (e.g., Kouadio et al, 2013;Pestka et al, 1987;Ren et al, 2016;Szabó et al, 2018).…”