Individual Adaptation in Cross-Country Skiing Based on Tracking during Training Conditions

Abstract

Research on heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and blood pressure (BP) during specific training stages is less common in endurance athletes, whereas resting BP and HR are less studied in relationship to HRmax. In the current study, the objective was to conduct a medium-term HR, BP and MAP analysis while tracking individual training outcomes. The study was conducted during the 2017–2018 season, over 43 days and 1033 km of training volume, on 12 competitive male cross-country ski athletes. One VO2max test was performed 10 days before the start of the training program. After the test, training volume and intensity was preset for each subject, according to the general training methodology. Early morning HR, MAP and BP measurements were taken as part of the basic functional analysis. Training volume was correlated to both distance (p = 0.01, r = 0.85, CI95% = 0.80 to 0.88) and training HR%, namely the percentage of HRmax (p = 0.01, r = −0.47, CI95% = −0.58 to −0.34). Both the supine (sHR) and orthostatic HR (oHR) values were significantly correlated with the training intensity. We obtained a significant correlation between sHR and oHR values and the training objective (p = 0.01). An increased oHR was correlated to high intensity training activity (HIT) during the second training session (p = 0.01). Heart rate and blood pressure measurements represent predictive functional adaptation parameters over different training phases. We highlight a link between sHR, oHR, MAP data, and the athletes’ ability to perform in lower effort zones during physical exertion. However, we failed to validate MAP as a cardiovascular stress indicator following high intensity training.

Features of Metabolic Support of Physical Performance in Highly Trained Cross-Country Skiers of Different Qualifications during Physical Activity at Maximum Load

“…For example, elite Swedish skiers had a maximum oxygen uptake of 5.1 ± 0.3 L/min [13], which is 7.8% more than among the Group II skiers we examined. Our data on the maximum oxygen uptake also differ significantly in elite athletes from V'O 2 max of Norwegian representatives of worldclass winter sports [14,15], which are characterized by a maximum V'O 2 /kg from 80 to 90 mL/min/kg or 6.5 L/min, which is higher than in Group II surveyed by us by 27.6%. Most likely, this difference can be explained by different methodological approaches for determining the V'O 2 max and higher anthropometric indicators of elite Swedish skiers (height 180 ± 2 cm, weight 74 ± 2 kg) [13] and Norwegian representatives of world-class winter sports [14,15].…”

“…The physical efficiency of athletes and the state of their cardiorespiratory system play leading roles among cross-country skiers in achieving high sports results. Physical aerobic exercise influences vascular remodelling, promoting angiogenesis, positively affecting the number of capillaries and therefore the gas exchange area, while improving oxygen diffusion and increasing vagus tone [ 14 ]. In the athletes examined in our study, SBP at rest corresponded to the norm [ 16 ].…”

Effects of LHTH Training at 1600 m on Exercise Performance, Complete Blood Count and Erythropoietin: A Case Study of South Korean Elite Male Cross-Country Skiers

“…The respiratory exchange rate was 1.15 or more, the movement awareness was ≥17, and it was set as the all-out time [23,[38][39][40]. Recovery ability was measured after sitting and resting for 2 min from the end of the submaximal exercise, and heart rate was measured [32,35,[41][42][43].…”

“…The slope of this straight line changes with your level of physical training or fitness. A person with good physical strength can carry the same amount of oxygen at a lower heart rate than a person with low physical strength [41][42][43]47]. Athletes with superior cardiorespiratory function show higher maximum oxygen intake and lower heart rate at the same load intensity [56][57][58][59].…”

Heart rate variability in cross-country skiers with different baseline heart rate

“…Спорт высших достижений сопряжен с риском и необходимостью воздействия предельно допустимых физических нагрузок на организм (Лубышева, 2014). Подвергаясь ежедневным тренировкам, у лыжников-гонщиков происходит ряд перестроек в работе сердечно-сосудистой системы и механизмах ее регуляции (Hedelin et al, 2001;Martin, Hadmas, 2019). Известно, что у лыжниковгонщиков и атлетов, занимающихся спортом на выносливость по сравнению с людьми не занимающихся профессиональным спортом, снижается ЧСС (Дерновой, Прошева, 2018), вегетативный баланс смещен в сторону парасимпатической нервной системы и т.д.…”