Indium-Zinc-Tin-Oxide Film Prepared by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering for Electrochromic Applications

Li, Ke Ding; Chen, Po Wen; Chang, Kunok; Hsu, Sheng Chuan; Jan, Der Jun

doi:10.3390/ma11112221

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…We sought to elucidate the electrochemical properties of the WO 3 /ITO/glass and WO 3 /IZTO/PET by constructing three electrode cells, which comprised a working electrode (WO 3 film on TCO substrate), a counter-electrode (Pt mesh) and a reference electrode (Ag/AgCl) in a 0.2 M LiClO 4 /PC solution [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It presumes R 2 (the radius of Li x WO 3 particle for IZTO-based ECDs) is smaller than d (the distance of Li + ions and electrons can extract), which can explain electron and Li + ions can be extracted from the interior of Li x WO 3 for IZTO-based ECDs. However, R 1 (the radius of Li x WO 3 particle for ITO-based ECDs) is larger than d (the distance of Li + ions and electrons can extract), and this means electron and Li + ions cannot be extracted to the electrolyte from the Li x WO 3 particle completely, indicating the Li x WO 3 particles have some residual W 5+ ions in the process of fading oxidation that W 5+ cannot completely convert to W 6+ , leading to poor optical transmittance modulation [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-Temperature Deposition of Transparent Conducting Films Applied to Flexible Electrochromic Devices

Chen

Chang

2021

Materials

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Here, we compare two different transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), namely indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc tin oxide (IZTO), fabricated as transparent conducting films using processes that require different temperatures. ITO and IZTO films were prepared at 230 °C and at room temperature, respectively, on glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates using reactive magnetron sputtering. Electrochromic WO3 films deposited on ITO-based and IZTO-based ECDs using vacuum cathodic arc plasma (CAP) were investigated. IZTO-based ECDs have higher optical transmittance modulation, ΔT = 63% [from Tbleaching (90.01%) to Tcoloration (28.51%)], than ITO-based ECDs, ΔT = 59%. ECDs consisted of a working electrochromic electrode (WO3/IZTO/PET) and a counter-electrode (Pt mesh) in a 0.2 M LiClO4/perchlorate (LiClO4/PC) liquid electrolyte solution with an active area of 3 cm × 4 cm a calculated bleaching time tc of 21.01 s and a coloration time tb of 4.7 s with varying potential from −1.3 V (coloration potential, Vc) to 0.3 V (bleaching potential, Vb).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Temperature Deposition of Transparent Conducting Films Applied to Flexible Electrochromic Devices

Chen

Chang

2021

Materials

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“…Knowing the membrane area resistance is important to assess the contribution of different functional groups [52]. Experimental studies reported in the literature showed that the resistance of IEMs is affected by the membrane structure, the relative sizes of the mobile phases, and the electrostatic interactions between the membrane charges and mobile cations [53,54,55].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Electrochemical Characterization of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)-SiO2 Cation-Exchange Membranes by the Sol-Gel Method Using 3-Mercapto-Propyl-Triethoxyl-Silane

et al. 2019

Materials

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A new synthesis method for organic–inorganic hybrid Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-SiO2 cation-change membranes (CEMs) is proposed. This method involves mixing tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-mercapto-propyl-triethoxy-silane (MPTES) into a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sol-gel solution. The resulting slurry was used to prepare films, which were immersed in 0.01 M HCl, which caused hydrolysis and polycondensation between the MPTES and TEOS. The resulting Si-O-Si polymers chains intertwined and/or penetrated the PVDF skeleton, significantly improving the mechanical strength of the resulting hybrid PVDF-SiO2 CEMs. The -SH functional groups of MPTES oxidized to-SO3H, which contributed to the excellent permeability of these CEMs. The surface morphology, hybrid structure, oxidative stability, and physicochemical properties (IEC, water uptake, membrane resistance, membrane potential, transport number, and selective permittivity) of the CEMs obtained in this work were characterized using scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as well as electrochemical testing. Tests to analyze the oxidative stability, water uptake, membrane potential, and selective permeability were also performed. Our organic–inorganic hybrid PVDF-SiO2 CEMs demonstrated higher oxidative stability and lower resistance than commercial Ionsep-HC-C membranes with a hydrocarbon structure. Thus, the synthesis method described in this work is very promising for the production of very efficient CEMs. In addition, the physical and electrochemical properties of the PVDF-SiO2 CEMs are comparable to the Ionsep-HC-C membranes. The electrolysis of the concentrated CoCl2 solution performed using PVDF-SiO2-6 and Ionsep-HC-C CEMs showed that at the same current density, Co2+ production, and current efficiency of the PVDF-SiO2-6 CEM membrane were slightly higher than those obtained using the Ionsep-HC-C membrane. Therefore, our novel membrane might be suitable for the recovery of cobalt from concentrated CoCl2 solutions.

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“…This may be due to the increase in the SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 /ZnO nanoparticles allowing exchange and conduction of ions in the membrane. According to related research, the conductivity of an IEM is affected by three factors: the network structure within the membrane, the relative size of the IEC, and the composition of the exchange group [26,44,45]. The strength of the electrostatic coactions between the functional group fixed on the membrane and the cations reportedly relies on the membrane surface charge density and the cation valence [46].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Nano-SiO2/Al2O3/ZnO-Blended PVDF Cation-Exchange Membranes with Improved Membrane Permselectivity and Oxidation Stability

et al. 2018

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Ion exchange membranes are used in practically every industry; however, most of them have defects such as low permeability and poor oxidation resistance. In this paper, cation-exchange membranes were prepared with poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blended with nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3 and nano-ZnO. Sulfonic acid groups were injected into the membrane prepared by styrene grafting and sulfonation. The methods used for characterizing the prepared membranes were Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical measurements. Membrane performance, such as the ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake (WU), transport number, membrane permselectivity, membrane resistance, functional groups, and morphology were also evaluated. The hydrophilia, IEC, and permselectivity of cation-exchange membranes depended on the nanoparticle content of the membrane matrix. High transport property values were obtained, which increased with increasing nano-SiO2/Al2O3/ZnO weight fractions. Finally, the cation-exchange membranes prepared with 1.5% nano-SiO2, 2.0% nano-Al2O3 or 2.0% nano-ZnO all exhibited excellent membrane properties, including membrane permselectivity (PVDF/2% ZnO-g-PSSA membranes, 94.9%), IEC (PVDF/2% Al2O3-g-PSSA membranes, 2.735 mmol·g−1), and oxidation resistance (PVDF/1.5% SiO2-g-PSSA membranes, 2.33%). They can be used to separate applications in a variety of different areas, such as water treatment, electro-driven separation, heavy metal smelting, or other electrochemical processes.

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Indium-Zinc-Tin-Oxide Film Prepared by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering for Electrochromic Applications

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Low-Temperature Deposition of Transparent Conducting Films Applied to Flexible Electrochromic Devices

Low-Temperature Deposition of Transparent Conducting Films Applied to Flexible Electrochromic Devices

Preparation and Electrochemical Characterization of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)-SiO2 Cation-Exchange Membranes by the Sol-Gel Method Using 3-Mercapto-Propyl-Triethoxyl-Silane

Preparation of Nano-SiO2/Al2O3/ZnO-Blended PVDF Cation-Exchange Membranes with Improved Membrane Permselectivity and Oxidation Stability

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