Indirect Ultrasound Measurement of humeral torsion in adolescent baseball players and non-athletic adults: Reliability and significance

Sports Participation and Humeral Torsion

“…3,25,46 Having more dominantarm humeral retrotorsion has previously been shown to be associated with a lower incidence of throwing-arm injury 30 and reported as performance enhancing for throwing athletes, 44 but humeral torsion has not been investigated in swimmers. While humeral torsion influences shoulder rotational range of motion, 6,8,28,34,40 it is not routinely measured in these athletes, possibly because measurement of humeral torsion is thought to be complex, require expensive equipment, and involve exposure to the ionizing radiation H umeral torsion is the bony twist about the long axis of the humerus.…”

“…9 Having a greater amount of posterior twist of the proximal humerus, or "retrotorsion," results in more shoulder external rotational range of motion and a corresponding reduction in the amount of shoulder internal rotation. 21, 44 The amount of humeral torsion has been shown to vary within and between individuals by as much as 27°3 0 and 90°, 12,13 respectively, and to be related to throwing activity, age, and ethnicity. 13,30,45 of computed tomography (CT) or radiographic investigation.…”

“…8,28,30,34 Recently, we developed an ultrasound-assisted method of examining humeral torsion ( ) that does not require exposure to ionizing radiation, is readily performed during a clinical examination, and has high measurement reliability. 44 Humeral torsion varies with age, beginning in utero with marked bilateral humeral retrotorsion, and decreases during childhood and adolescence, so that the humerus becomes less retrotorted. 12 Greater dominant-arm retrotorsion has been demonstrated in relatively young males participating in throwing sports such as baseball 23 and European handball.…”

“…However, given the great range of side-to-side variation in humeral torsion, rotational range of motion targets in the clinical setting should be made to account for torsional differences. 40,44 One of the aims of the present study was to examine the effect of unilateral and bilateral arm activity on humeral torsion, and we therefore chose a group of high-level adolescent swimmers to compare with the throwing athletes and nonathletic subjects. The group of swimmers we evaluated was comprised of current State Institute of Sport scholarship holders for swimming.…”

Análise do SICK Scapula em jogadores de handebol com e sem dor no ombro durante o arremesso

“…Somando o alto estresse repetitivo com a velocidade elevada, os jogadores de handebol são susceptíveis a alterações adaptativas no ombro arremessador levando um aumento de rotação lateral e diminuição da rotação medial em relação ao membro não arremessador 3,4 . Duas hipóteses principais são descritas na literatura como possíveis causas dessas adaptações: a primeira relata que ocorre uma contratura da capsula posterior e da banda posterior do ligamento glenoumeral inferior causados pelo microtrauma repetitivo durante a fase de desaceleração do arremesso, quando ocorre essa contratura, o centro de rotação do úmero desloca na direção pósterosuperior, diminuindo o ponto de contato da cabeça do úmero com o aspecto antero-inferior da capsula 5,6 ; a segunda hipótese refere que devido o movimento repetitivo de arremesso ocorrem adaptações ósseas levando a uma retroversão da cabeça do úmero, gerando um déficit de rotação interna do ombro que é considerado o fator primário no desenvolvimento de lesões no ombro do arremessador 1,3 .…”