Indirect Perceptual, Cognitive, and Behavioural Measures

Västfjäll, Daniel

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230143.003.0010

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…However, a recent study suggests that sad music can induce similar changes in memory and judgment as the recollection of a sad autobiographical event -especially in empathic listeners (Vuoskoski & Eerola, in press). Further, a number of studies using music as a method of mood manipulation suggest that musically induced affective states are linked with similar behavioral and cognitive changes as those produced by affective states experienced in everyday life (for reviews, see Västfjäll, 2002Västfjäll, , 2010.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Enjoys Listening to Sad Music and Why?

et al. 2011

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although people generally avoid negative emotional experiences in general, they often enjoy sadness portrayed in music and other arts. The present study investigated what kinds of subjective emotional experiences are induced in listeners by sad music, and whether the tendency to enjoy sad music is associated with particular personality traits. One hundred forty-eight participants listened to 16 music excerpts and rated their emotional responses. As expected, sadness was the most salient emotion experienced in response to sad excerpts. However, other more positive and complex emotions such as nostalgia, peacefulness, and wonder were also evident. Furthermore, two personality traits – Openness to Experience and Empathy – were associated with liking for sad music and with the intensity of emotional responses induced by sad music, suggesting that aesthetic appreciation and empathetic engagement play a role in the enjoyment of sad music.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Enjoys Listening to Sad Music and Why?

et al. 2011

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“…Moreover, future research could also employ indirect measurements of affective states (see review by Västfjäll, 2010 ; e.g., word recall; count time; distance estimation; emotional picture judgment tasks), which are based on the premise that affective states are accompanied by changes in information processing and behavior. Being relatively free from demand characteristics, these indirect measures do not rely on the participants’ conscious interpretations of their own internal processes, and may reveal a different efficacy pattern of different induction methods as compared to the efficacy pattern revealed by direct self-reports from participants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How does this make you feel? A comparison of four affect induction procedures

Zhang¹,

Yu²,

Barrett³

2014

Front. Psychol.

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Affect is a fundamental aspect of the human mind. An increasing number of experiments attempt to examine the influence of affect on other psychological phenomena. To accomplish this research, it is necessary to experimentally modify participants' affective states. In the present experiment, we compared the efficacy of four commonly used affect induction procedures. Participants (38 healthy undergraduate students: 18 males) were randomly assigned to either a pleasant or an unpleasant affect induction group, and then underwent four different affect induction procedures: (1) recall of an affectively salient event accompanied by affectively congruent music, (2) script-driven guided imagery, (3) viewing images while listening to affectively congruent music, and (4) posing affective facial actions, body postures, and vocal expressions. All four affect induction methods were successful in inducing both pleasant and unpleasant affective states. The viewing image with music and recall with music procedures were most effective in enhancing positive affect, whereas the viewing image with music procedure was most effective in enhancing negative affect. Implications for the scientific study of affect are discussed.

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“…Some of the so-called mood-manipulation studies have used indirect measures of affective states (for a review, see Västfjäll, 2010), which are based on the premise that affective states like emotions and moods are accompanied by changes in information processing and behavior (see, e.g.. Bower, 1981;Russell, 2003), and that music-induced emotional states last longer than the duration of the music piece listened to (see, e.g., VästQäll, 2002). These indirect measures are relatively free from demand characteristics, and do not rely on the participants' conscious interpretations of their own internal processes (which may not always be accessible on a conscious level; see, e.g., Nisbett & Wilson, 1977).…”

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confidence: 99%

Can sad music really make you sad? Indirect measures of affective states induced by music and autobiographical memories.

Vuoskoski¹,

Eerola²

2012

Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts

154

176

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The present study addressed music's disputed ability to induce genuine sadness in listeners by investigating whether listening to sad music can induce sadness-related effects on memory and judgment. Related aims were to explore how the different mechanisms of music-induced emotions are involved in sadness induced by familiar, self-selected music and unfamiliar, experimenter-selected music, and whether the susceptibility to music-induced sadness is associated with trait empathy. One hundred twenty participants were randomly assigned into four conditions with different tasks: listening to unfamiliar sad or neutral music, or to self-selected sad music, or recalling a sad autobiographical event and writing about it. The induced affective states were measured indirectly using a word recall task and a judgment task where participants rated the emotions expressed by pictures depicting facial expressions. The results indicate that listening to sad music can indeed induce changes in emotion-related memory and judgment. However, this effect depends, to some extent, on the music's relevance to the listener, as well as on the personality attributes of the listener. Trait empathy contributed to the susceptibility to sadness induced by unfamiliar music, while autobiographical memories contributed to sadness induced by self-selected music.

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Indirect Perceptual, Cognitive, and Behavioural Measures

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Who Enjoys Listening to Sad Music and Why?

Who Enjoys Listening to Sad Music and Why?

How does this make you feel? A comparison of four affect induction procedures

Can sad music really make you sad? Indirect measures of affective states induced by music and autobiographical memories.

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