“…However, the direct and indirect pathways in “caudal basal ganglia” are still unclear. The caudal basal ganglia, which includes the caudate tail (CDt), the caudal‐dorsal‐lateral part of SNr (cdlSNr) and the caudal‐ventral part of GPe (cvGPe), are specifically involved in long‐term value coding of visual objects (i.e., stable value memory) for saccadic eye movements based on historical life experiences (Kim, Amita, & Hikosaka, ; Yamamoto, Kim, & Hikosaka, ; Yasuda, Yamamoto, & Hikosaka, ). Most neurons in CDt, cdlSNr and cvGPe discriminate visual objects based on their historical value: objects previously and consistently associated with a large reward (good objects) and objects associated with a small reward (bad objects) (Kim et al., ).…”