Indirect ELISA for serosurveillance of Japanese encephalitis in pigs

Kolhe, R. P.; Bhilegaonkar, K. N.; Dubbal, Z.B.; Kaur, Simranpreet; Das, Samir; Agarwal, Rajesh

doi:10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00065.5

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Seroprevalence of IgM was found yearround, indicating a subtropical epidemiological pattern of JEV transmission (Suresh et al, 2022). The seroprevalence throughout the region was consistent with previous, shorter duration studies, with large peaks observed, such as the annual seroprevalence of 60.8% in Sant Kabir Nagar in 2016 and 69.5% in Gorakhpur in 2017 for IgG and IgM, respectively, and some region-wide monthly IgG seroprevalence peaks reaching 100% (Dhanze et al, 2014;Kolhe et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Spatio‐temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013–2022

Dhanze,

Singh,

Walsh

et al. 2024

Zoonoses and Public Health

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AimsJapanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in India. Although pigs are considered important hosts and sentinels for JE outbreaks in people, limited information is available on JE virus (JEV) surveillance in pigs.Methods and ResultsWe investigated the spatio‐temporal distribution of JEV seroprevalence and its association with climate variables in 4451 samples from pigs in 10 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, over 10 years from 2013 to 2022. The mean seroprevalence of IgG (2013–2022) and IgM (2017–2022) was 14% (95% CI 12.8–15.2) and 10.98% (95% CI 9.8–12.2), respectively. Throughout the region, higher seroprevalence from 2013 to 2017 was observed and was highly variable with no predictable spatio‐temporal pattern between districts. Seroprevalence of up to 60.8% in Sant Kabir Nagar in 2016 and 69.5% in Gorakhpur district in 2017 for IgG and IgM was observed, respectively. IgG seroprevalence did not increase with age. Monthly time‐series decomposition of IgG and IgM seroprevalence demonstrated annual cyclicity (3–4 peaks) with seasonality (higher, broader peaks in the summer and monsoon periods). However, most variance was due to the overall trend and the random components of the time series. Autoregressive time‐series modelling of pigs sampled from Gorakhpur was insufficiently predictive for forecasting; however, an inverse association between humidity (but not rainfall or temperature) was observed.ConclusionsDetection patterns confirm seasonal epidemic periods within year‐round endemicity in pigs in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Lack of increasing age‐associated seroprevalence indicates that JEV might not be immunizing in pigs which needs further investigation because models that inform public health interventions for JEV could be inaccurate if assuming long‐term immunity in pigs. Although pigs are considered sentinels for human outbreaks, sufficient timeliness using sero‐surveillance in pigs to inform public health interventions to prevent JEV in people will require more nuanced modelling than seroprevalence and broad climate variables alone.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Spatio‐temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013–2022

Dhanze,

Singh,

Walsh

et al. 2024

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…Even so, both of these test may indicate good diagnostic tests or conversely, they may also be the inferior tests. Similar results was observed in comparing the ELISA tests with another serological test, virus neutralization test (VNT) which had the kappa 0.6 indicating both tests had a good agreement [10] . Even though using ELISA in detecting the JEV antibodies may be cross reacted with other flaviviruses' antibodies, a more validated diagnostic tests like virus neutralization (VN) test or plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) can be performed to confirm the results.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…However, ELISA is mainly used in detecting the antibodies that regularly used for screening test performed to detect the antibodies of JEV in pigs [9] even though it has a likelihood of cross-reaction with other Flaviviruses' antibodies [10] . Even so, the ELISA test is one of the diagnostic test can be performed for surveillance of the antibodies detection and its recommended by the world health animal organization OIE [11] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of a commercial and a manual antigen coated ELISA tests used in detecting antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus in pig serums collected from the Province of Bali

Kardena¹,

Adi²,

Astawa³

2021

Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husbandry

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“…Some false positive results might be occurred due to cross-reaction with any of the JEV serogroup flaviviruses, such as dengue [ 46 ] and Zika [ 47 ] viruses which are also detected in Bali. However, the use of the recombinant JEV for precoating of the ELISA plates may have reduced the occurrence of cross-reactions [ 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and Herd‐Level Seroprevalence in Association with Potential Risk Factors of Japanese Encephalitis in Pigs Collected from Urban, Periurban, and Rural Areas of Bali, Indonesia

Kardena

Adi

Astawa

et al. 2023

Veterinary Medicine International

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A study to assess the seroprevalence antibodies against JEV in pigs in Denpasar, Badung, and Karangasem as the representatives of urban, periurban, and rural areas in the province of Bali was conducted. Sampled pigs’ blood was collected and their sera were tested for antibody detection using commercial IgG ELISA. A standard questionnaire was used to interview the pig owners or farmers to identify the determinants associated with the seropositivity of the antibodies. Overall, 96.6% (95% CI: 94.5–98.1) of 443 pig sera in individual animal-level seroprevalence were seropositive to the ELISA. Karangasem had the highest test prevalence at 97.3% (95% CI: 93.1–99.2) while Badung had a slightly lower prevalence at 96.6% (95% CI: 92.2–98.9), and Denpasar had the lowest prevalence at 96% (95% CI: 91.5–98.5) ( p = 0.84 ). In herd-level seroprevalence, all sampled herds contained one or more seropositive pigs (overall herd-level seroprevalence 100% [95% CI: 97.7–100]). No animal-level factors were significantly associated with seropositivity (all p values >0.05). For the herd-level risk factors relating to pig management and husbandry practices adopted, no analysis model could be generated, as all the sampled herds were seropositive. More than 90% seroprevalence detected in this study indicates high natural JEV infection occurred in pigs, which highlights the high public health risk of the infection in the areas.

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Indirect ELISA for serosurveillance of Japanese encephalitis in pigs

Cited by 11 publications

References 14 publications

Spatio‐temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013–2022

Spatio‐temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013–2022

Comparison of a commercial and a manual antigen coated ELISA tests used in detecting antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus in pig serums collected from the Province of Bali

Individual and Herd‐Level Seroprevalence in Association with Potential Risk Factors of Japanese Encephalitis in Pigs Collected from Urban, Periurban, and Rural Areas of Bali, Indonesia

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